Ink formulation is a critical factor determining the success of printed electronics (PE), yet it is often treated as a secondary step rather than a primary design challenge. This review presents ink design as an interdependent system where rheology, interfacial behavior, solvent dynamics, and curing processes must align with printing methods, substrate properties, and multilayer structures. Key formulation parameters such as viscosity, surface tension, and drying behavior are analyzed across major printing technologies, and their relationships to common defects are established. The study emphasizes that early formulation decisions, particularly binder–substrate compatibility and solvent selection, strongly control final performance and cannot be corrected at later stages. By linking material properties to process requirements and device performance, the review provides a practical framework for designing inks that are both functional and scalable. The work supports a shift from trial-and-error approaches toward more systematic and predictive ink development for next-generation printed and flexible electronic systems.
Prenatal tobacco exposure has been linked to higher child physical aggression; however, limited research examines predictors of both relational and physical aggression beginning in the prenatal period. We tested a conceptual model that included hypothesized direct and indirect pathways from prenatal substance exposure to early school age aggression via continued postnatal substance exposure throughout infancy and early childhood. We also examined the potential buffering effect of maternal sensitivity across early childhood and the additive effect of combined prenatal and postnatal exposure. The sample included 262 mother-child dyads (140 boys). Results supported the hypothesized paths from prenatal tobacco-cannabis co-exposure to early school age physical aggression and postnatal cannabis exposure to relational aggression. Maternal sensitivity across infancy and toddlerhood was protective in the development of both relational and physical aggression in the context of prenatal tobacco-cannabis co-exposure.
Prosthetic clinics and philanthropic organizations are increasingly using additive manufacturing (AM) to manufacture upper-limb prostheses (ULP). However, a lack of documented use cases and guidelines hinders its broader implementation. Additional data are required to establish recommendations. This exploratory study aims to investigate the sociodemographics and expertise of individuals using AM to manufacture ULP. An international cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted from October 1st, 2023, to June 30th, 2024. Participants were recruited using non-probability sampling through specialized online channels. We collected sociodemographic data and explored AM ULP manufacturing workflows and outcomes. The survey was available in French, English, and Spanish. Survey data underwent descriptive analyses. Of 111 participants who started the survey, 61 (55
This study examines social disparities in U.S. K–12 school flood exposure and the distribution of federal disaster recovery aid for affected schools. Using national datasets on school locations, flood hazards, and socioeconomic characteristics, we analyze (1) the spatial patterns of schools within 100-year flood zones, and (2) factors associated with the local receipt of FEMA recovery aid for schools. Our findings reveal substantial regional variation, with flood-prone schools concentrated in the Southern and Gulf Coast states. Local geographic conditions are consistently associated with schools’ flood exposure across most states. Schools in communities with higher poverty rates and larger Hispanic populations are more likely to be located in flood zones. Regarding recovery, greater FEMA aid is allocated to schools in localities with greater damage, larger populations, and more schools in floodplains. The relationship between social factors and aid is mixed: communities with lower incomes and larger Hispanic populations receive less school aid, yet aid levels are also positively correlated with poverty rates. This study contributes to understanding school flood exposure and social equity in disaster recovery, offering insights for policymakers, urban planners, and school administrators to develop targeted mitigation strategies and promote more equitable recovery for flood-prone schools.
Environmental surfaces are critical vectors for pathogen transmission, especially in high-touch indoor environments such as healthcare, education, hospitality, and transportation facilities. Conventional cleaning and disinfection strategies for wallcoverings leave intervals of vulnerability, while existing antimicrobial coatings often rely on silver or quaternary ammonium chemistries that has sustainability, durability, and regulatory limitations. This study presents evaluation of a gravure printed antimicrobial wallcovering coating manufactured at industrial scale incorporating a water-based acrylic matrix with a zinc-based dry-film preservative under standardized test conditions. The laboratory testing following ISO 22196 and ISO 21702 protocols demonstrated up to a 2.94-log (99.8
