As women age, a significant number reduce or stop their engagement in physical activities due to factors such as hormonal changes, loss of confidence, and reduced physical capability. Hormone replacement therapy, including testosterone, has been considered a potential intervention to help these women regain their previous levels of physical activity. To determine the relationship between testosterone, use and the likelihood of resuming physical or sporting activities in women who had previously reduced or stopped such activities due to aging. An anonymized survey was conducted among peri- or postmenopausal women who engage in physical exercise or sports, either competitively or for leisure. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. A contingency table was created to compare testosterone users with non-users across different age groups, and a chi-square test of independence was performed to assess the statistical significance of the relationship between testosterone use and the resumption of physical activity. After exclusions, 614 complete responses were included. Among them, 486 (79%) had stopped or reduced exercising during the perimenopausal or menopausal years, and of these, 438 (90%) reported increasing their activity level afterward, with 274 (64%) attributing this to some form of hormone therapy. Of the 181 participants who used testosterone, 73% felt that it specifically helped them return to or increase physical activity. Contingency table analysis showed that women who used testosterone were significantly more likely to resume physical activities compared to non-users (χ2 = 12.70, p-value = 0.0264). The findings indicate that the use of testosterone is significantly associated with an increased likelihood of resuming physical activity among women who had previously reduced or stopped engaging in such activities. This suggests that testosterone may play an important role in helping women regain their physical activity levels as they age. Further research is recommended to explore the mechanisms by which testosterone influences physical activity resumption and to validate these findings in a broader population. Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Boston Scientific, Abbvie, Acerus, Coloplast, Endo, Tolmar, Marius, Halozyme, Petros.
The study deals with the biodiversity of nocturnal Lepidoptera in selected site of urban and rural area in Jhalawar district of Rajasthan.The specimen collections were carried out between August, 2020 to March, 2021.The specimens were trapped once in a week between 08:00 pm to 07:00 am.Light trap and manual methods were used for the collection.In present findings total 43 species were collected which belonged to 09 families from both sites.
It is well known that migration leads to increased stress, isolation and mental illness. This article explores the issues and offers solutions
The term Entrepreneurship is similar to Self-employment and is certainly the engine of economic growth. Entrepreneurs creates job opportunities in the market and help reducing the unemployment rate. The process of Entrepreneurship begins from development of intention so the main idea of the study is to examine the intentions of university students of Karachi while setting up their new business. To achieve this purpose, Ajzen theory of Planned Behavior is applied. The study is conducted through primary research where data was obtained using survey questionnaire. Fourteen different universities of Karachi have participated in the study where convenience sampling is used to obtain responses from 250 participants. SPSS is used to apply different tests such as multiple regression and descriptive statistics. Results clearly show that the Ajzen theory is extremely valuable for this study. Moreover, overall model is significant and all constructs particularly personal attitude and perceived behavioral contributes significantly in determining entrepreneurial intentions of university students. Subjective Norms proved to be insignificant in this research and does not influence student’s intentions in any manner. University students, if provided the opportunity or financial support, showed willingness of starting their business. Recommendations for researchers, institutions and policy makers have been highlighted. Future studies should be carried out on a huge level in order to understand the overall perspective of Pakistani students.
The research paper was aimed to find the integration between Karachi Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange. A daily data of stock prices from Nov 2009 to Dec 2012 has been obtained and their geometric returns are calculated as mentioned in Ahmad and Husain (2007). Stock returns were found integrated of order zero. Johanson Cointegration test is applied over historical returns of both the stock market returns in order to capture existence of cointegration. Result shows that, Trace-statistics and Eigen-values, fall within the critical region, i.e. their p-value is less than 0.05, and hence it is concluded on the bases of stochastic process and econometric evidence that Karachi Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange are not cointegrated. Keywords: KSE, BSE, Cointegration
