萨格大学

Epiphytic orchids account for 68% of vascular epiphytes and 69% of orchid species, demonstrating the importance of epiphytism to the diversification of the Orchidaceae. All orchids require mycorrhizal associations with specific fungi at the earliest stages of germination and development, and these symbioses may have played crucial roles in their adaptation to, and diversification within, canopy habitats. We present the first comprehensive comparison of fungal communities, encompassing both epiphytic and terrestrial orchids as well as their habitat substrates (bark and soil) on Yakushima Island, Japan. We analyzed mycorrhizal communities associated with 29 orchid species, representing eight tribes in four subfamilies, using both Sanger and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) methods, and also characterized fungal communities in the substrates using HTS. Our results reveal that epiphytic and terrestrial orchids have differing mycorrhizal communities and the fungal composition of their habitat substrates also differs. Although overall fungal richness was lower in epiphytic than in terrestrial substrates, the diversity of fungi in the rhizoctonia, including members of Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, and Serendipitaceae, was similarly high for both habitat types. Furthermore, some rhizoctonia fungi were shared between orchid life forms and exhibited symbiotic compatibility across habitats in in vitro culture. Although rhizoctonia communities differed between habitat substrates, comparable diversity and the presence of shared taxa across habitats imply that these fungi may have reduced barriers to canopy colonization and contribute to the successful establishment and diversification of epiphytic orchids.

Microalgae are promising sources of food additives, biochemicals, and biofuels, but their large-scale cultivation depends on cost-effective increases in their productivity. In this study, a blue LED-illuminated wave photobioreactor was developed to evaluate the feasibility of cost-effective, wave-driven mixing for enhancing algal productivity. This system combines two light illumination modes (blue and white light) and two controllable hydrodynamic modes (shaking and no shaking). We cultivated Chlorella sp. in two culture media (BG-11 and commercial aquaculture media) using this photobioreactor under different light and hydrodynamic conditions. During a 21-day cultivation, blue LED illumination combined with wave shaking produced the highest algal biomass (114.0 mg L− 1), carbon fixation rate (8.6 mg L− 1 day− 1), and relatively high protein content (32.2

We investigate the microscopic origin of size-dependent magnetization suppression in Ni nanocrystals using photoemission measurements with variable probing depth. While the interior retains bulklike electronic states, the near-surface region exhibits enhanced electronic correlation, leading to conduction-electron localization and the emergence of a magnetic dead layer. This intrinsic modification proves the validity of the dead-layer model quantitatively describing the size dependence of the saturation magnetization. These findings establish a direct link between surface electronic correlation and magnetism at reduced dimensions.

Natural refrigerants and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) have emerged as promising long-term alternatives to conventional refrigerants because of their zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and very low Global Warming Potential (GWP), in accordance with the requirements of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and relevant European Union regulations. Among these candidates, R-1132(E) has attracted considerable attention owing to its very low GWP and vapor pressure characteristics comparable to those of R-32, making it a potential component of next-generation refrigerant blends for air-conditioning applications such as R-474A and R-479A. In the present study, the thermal conductivity of R-1132(E) was measured and correlated using empirical models. Measurements were performed in both liquid and vapor phases using the well-established transient hot-wire technique with a 15 μm diameter platinum wire as the sensing element. Liquid-phase measurements were conducted over the temperature range 233 to 313 K at pressures between 2 MPa and 4 MPa, whereas vapor-phase measurements were obtained in the temperature range 292 to 398 K at pressures from 1 MPa to 4 MPa. The combined standard uncertainties of the thermal conductivity measurements were evaluated in accordance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and were estimated to be 1.42

To clarify differences in hip-specific function, satisfaction, and patient preference between transposition osteotomy of the acetabulum (TOA) and contralateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the same patients with bilateral hip dysplasia. Among 689 patients who underwent TOA between 1998 and 2019, 32 patients who also underwent contralateral THA were included. Median age at surgery was 46 years for TOA and 50 years for THA (p = 0.008), and median follow-up was 14 and 12 years, respectively (p = 0.049). Postoperative patient-reported outcome measures included pain and satisfaction visual analogue scales (VAS), the Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12), and the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS). Patients were also asked which hip they preferred. Preoperative modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) was higher in TOA hips than in THA hips (64 vs. 43; p < 0.001), whereas the latest mHHS was lower in TOA hips (92 vs. 96; p = 0.007). Although pain VAS, FJS-12, and all HOOS subscales were comparable between TOA and THA, satisfaction VAS was higher in THA hips (98 vs. 93; p = 0.029). Fifteen patients (47