Claims regarding the implications of employee cannabis use vary considerably even though little research explores cannabis as it relates to the modern workplace. Drawing from substance use theories and the epidemiology literature, we develop a conceptual model that suggests after-work cannabis use is a mechanism to help employees protect cognitive resources in the evening, allowing them to stay engaged at work the next day. In a daily diary study of cannabis users and non-users, we find no link between after-work cannabis use and next-day executive functioning, cognitive engagement or daily task performance. A deeper dive into the literature led to a contextualized model including both within- and between-person moderators that we tested in a second daily diary study of cannabis users. We specifically predict moderated indirect effects from after-work cannabis use to cognitive engagement at work the following day. Results from this second study indicate after-work cannabis use interacts with daily workload and a between-person performance-related cannabis use motive to predict next-day cognitive engagement. Daily cognitive engagement is subsequently related to changes in daily task performance. Collectively, results suggest that theories on employee substance use should be updated to better account for the daily effects (or non-effects) of after-work cannabis use on important workplace outcomes.
The sound horizon scale rs is a key source of information for measurements of H0 from early-time data, and is therefore a common target of new physics proposed to solve the Hubble tension. We present a sub-2% measurement of the Hubble constant that is independent of this scale, using data from the first data release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI DR1). Building on previous work, we remove dependency on the sound horizon size using a heuristic rescaling procedure at the power spectrum level. A key innovation is the inclusion of uncalibrated (agnostic to rs) post-reconstruction BAO measurements from DESI DR1, as well as using the CMB acoustic scale theta & lowast; as a high-redshift anchor. Uncalibrated type-Ia supernovae are often included as an independent source of ohm m information; here we demonstrate the robustness of our results by additionally considering two supernova-independent alternative datasets. We find somewhat higher values of H0 relative to our previous work: 69.2+1.3-1.4, 70.3+1.4-1.2, and 69.6+1.3-1.8 km s-1 Mpc-1 respectively when including measurements from i) Planck/ACT CMB lensing & times; unWISE galaxies, ii) the DES Year 3 6 & times;2pt analysis, and iii) Planck/ACT CMB lensing + the DES Year 5 supernova analysis. These remarkably consistent constraints achieve better than 2% precision; they are among the most stringent sound horizon-independent measurements from LSS to date, and provide a powerful avenue for probing the origin of the Hubble tension.
Aim: We assessed the geographic and hydroclimatic patterns of species-specific habitat suitability change for 81 plant species under diverging climate models. Location: California Floristic Province, USA. Time Period: 1981-2010 and 2070-2099. Major Taxa Studied: 81 plant species. Methods: We used species distribution models calibrated with baseline climate and species occurrence data to project habitat suitability under two climate models that reflect different magnitudes of temperature and precipitation change in California. We related species-specific predicted changes in habitat suitability at the pixel level to four geographic features (latitude, distance to coast, elevation and topographic heterogeneity) and the projected change in five hydroclimatic variables that drive plant distributions in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Results: Spatial patterns of projected habitat suitability change varied across species and climate models, with 59% of species exhibiting a positive relationship between habitat suitability and elevation (high elevation refugia) under a hot, dry climate model, while only similar to 33% showed this pattern under the warm, wet model. Habitat suitability responses to changing hydroclimatic conditions were similarly variable, but species' predicted responses to changes in minimum temperature were strong determinants of elevational and topographic positions of their refugia, regardless of climate model. Species predicted to experience habitat declines in response to increasing temperature were more likely to be associated with topographically complex refugia and high elevation habitat persistence. Main Conclusions: Our results support empirical observations that conventional assumptions about climate-driven range shifts may not hold for many plant species in California. Areas of persistent high habitat suitability for many species are predicted outside traditionally expected refugia, including lower elevations. By linking modelled habitat suitability to both geographic and hydroclimatic gradients, we provide a novel approach for characterising species-specific climate refugia. Integrating species-level projections with climate model uncertainty can guide the prioritisation of resilient habitats and improve conservation planning under climate change.
Examples of system-driven implementation of multiple evidence-based practices (EBPs) are becoming more frequent in efforts to improve community mental health care, but there is limited understanding of how these efforts change community therapist practice. Within one such implementation effort in the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, this observational study sought to: (1) examine observer ratings of therapist delivery of EBP strategies in sessions where therapists claimed reimbursement to one of six youth mental health EBPs; and (2) explore factors associated with extensiveness of EBP strategy delivery. Data were drawn from 680 sessions with 273 youth delivered by 103 therapists in 14 agencies. Sessions were audio recorded and rated by trained observers for extensiveness of therapist delivery of EBP technique and content strategies. Therapists were observed to use EBP techniques (Structuring Treatment Techniques and Skill Building Techniques) in the majority of sessions. Consistent with expectations, use of specific EBP content strategies were more targeted and less commonly observed at every session. Finally, the following factors were associated with higher observed EBP strategy extensiveness: sessions completed in a non-English language (compared with sessions completed in English), sessions using an EBP with a prescribed session content/order (compared with sessions using an EBP without a prescribed session content/order), higher levels of therapist reported self-efficacy with the EBP being delivered, older client age, and therapists with a cognitive behavioral theoretical orientation (compared with therapists with an orientation other than cognitive behavioral). Patterns of therapist EBP strategy delivery followed expected patterns, with techniques strategies used in the majority of sessions and specific content strategies used in a more targeted fashion. Given the dearth of observational measurement of EBP implementation-as-usual, these findings contribute to our understanding of key outcomes of scale-up efforts. Predictors of EBP strategy use have implications for targeting efforts to promote sustainment, such as improving provider EBP self-efficacy.
This study investigated linguistic and orthographic factors affecting item difficulty parameters of items on Spanish word and pseudoword reading tasks, calibrated in a sample of Spanish-English bilingual first- and second-graders. For both words and pseudowords, we investigated the effect of word length, neighborhood size, and specific orthographic features (e.g., context-dependent graphemes, syllable blends, and diphthongs). We used adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to select the most relevant predictors, followed by a dominance analysis to evaluate the relative importance of the selected predictors in explaining item difficulty. We find that, for word reading, word length, context-dependent graphemes (c, g), and complex syllable structures like blends and diphthongs were associated with higher item difficulty, while neighborhood size was associated with reduced item difficulty. Similar results were observed for pseudoword reading, with length and syllabic complexity associated with higher difficulty and total neighborhood density and frequency with lower difficulty. We discuss additional task-specific patterns. These findings underscore the importance of considering linguistic and orthographic features when designing decoding assessments and instructional interventions for bilingual learners.
