Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences is a medical Institute under State Legislature Act, located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1983 and is named after Sanjay Gandhi.The institute is on a 550 acres (2.2 km2) residential campus at Raebareli Road, 15 km from the main city. The institute offers its own degrees, which are recognised by the Medical Council of India. It delivers tertiary medical care, super-specialty teaching, training and research. It offers DM, MCh, MD, Ph.D., postdoctoral fellowships, postdoctoral certificate courses, senior residency along with degree courses in nursing and paramedical like B.Sc. Nursing (4-year) course.
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) gene has emerged as a pivotal player in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the PPARγ gene, its functions, its polymorphic association with diabetes mellitus and other associated complications, and its role in the response to antidiabetic drugs. A narrative comprehensive review was conducted using peer-reviewed literatures on PPARγ which were published during 2015 to 2025. Relevant studies were retrieved from databases including Pubmed, Scopus, World Health Organization (WHO) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and were considered in our studies. PPARγ is a nuclear receptor that modulates gene expression upon binding to specific ligands, primarily thiazolidinediones (TZDs). These ligands have been extensively used as antidiabetic drugs due to their ability to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. However, genetic variations in the PPARγ gene can influence drug response and efficacy, leading to variations in therapeutic outcomes. This review explored the molecular mechanisms of PPARγ, its role in diabetes, and the interplay between genetic variations and drug response. A deeper understanding of these interactions holds the potential to personalize antidiabetic therapies based on an individual's genetic makeup.
Despite improvement in treatment, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management remains inconsistent. To evaluate the worldwide disparities in the use of biological and targeted molecules (advanced) RA therapies, focusing on differences across continents and socioeconomic strata, and to identify factors associated with their utilisation. Cross-sectional analysis of the international COVAD-2 cohort, including demographics, socioeconomic factors, disease characteristics, patient-reported outcomes, and treatments. Primary outcomes assessed treatment distribution by continent, secondary outcomes evaluated distribution by Human Development Index (HDI), with predictors analysed using multivariable logistic regression. At the time of analysis, COVAD2 included 10,739 participants; 2007 had RA, 1997 with geographical data included in this study (mean age 50.9 years, 88.1
Herein, our research goes to cover how oxindole-chalcones are transformed into Baylis-Hillman products using the Lewis base catalysis and reporting their anticancer screening outcomes. Actually, oxindoles and chalcones showed the strong anticancer effects as per preceding research reports. Therefore, we chose to synthesis of alpha-OH-containing oxindole-chalcone derivatives using the Baylis-Hillman reaction, and the structure was elucidated using FT-IRcm-1, 1H and 1 3C-NMRppm, and HRMSm/z. Moreover, the druglikeness properties of synthesized compounds were analyzed using ADME/T scores. For in silico analysis, caspase-3, and PARP proteins were utilized to the formation of molecular docked complexes to finding their binding affinities, consequently, S5, S9, S11, and S15 exhibited the strongest binding affinities, with energies of -8.7, -8.5, -8.4, and -8.4 kcal/mol, respectively as well. In the same context under in vitro analysis, compounds were tested against U87 glioblastoma cancer cell line at different concentrations. As per results, the synthesized compound S5 showed best activity (IC50 = 100.5 +/- 34.42 & micro;M) against U87 glioblastoma. Further confocal microscopy and western blotting revealed the apoptosis inducing nature of these compounds specially modulating through the Bax/Bcl2 and PARP regulation and evaluated the anticancer effects. Futuristically, more research is needed to enhance their potency and selectivity, as well as assess their in vivo performance in glioblastoma models.
BackgroundPrimary tumor-induced osteomalacia (PTIO), a paraneoplastic syndrome, is caused by typically benign mesenchymal tumors that secrete fi broblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). This hormone disrupts vitamin D synthesis and phosphate metabolism, manifesting as bone pain, muscle weakness, fractures, hypophosphatemia, and low vitamin D due to renal phosphate wasting. Patients often face delayed diagnosis due to vague symptoms mimicking other conditions and challenges in locating small tumors.MethodsThis case series reports four PTIO cases managed at a single Indian institute. Diagnosis involved biochemical tests (elevated FGF23, low TmP/GFR), functional imaging (68Ga-DOTANOC PET-CT, FDG PET), and anatomical imaging(MRI, CT). Tumors were resected with wide margins; histopathology confirmed phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors.ResultsTumor locations included anteroinferior iliac spine, proximal humerus, pectineus muscle, and proximal tibia. All patients achieved 100% functional recovery at 1-year follow-up, with normalization of phosphate levels and independence from supplementation (except one initial recurrence in case 4, successfully revised). Mean diagnostic delay was 4 years; post-resection complications were minimal.ConclusionsThis case series demonstrates excellent long-term outcomes of surgical resection in PTIO, and emphasizes on high index of suspicion, multimodality imaging, and wide margin excision. This series bridges gaps in Indian data on rare PTIO, advocating early detection to reduce morbidity.
Combination vaccine formulations contain distinct components targeting multiple strains of a single pathogen or multiple pathogens. By minimizing the number of separate vaccine administrations required, combination vaccines have been critical in allowing the broad expansion of the number and range of diseases that can now be prevented by immunization. Recent advances in vaccine development and our understanding of the immune system now make it possible to envision how new combination vaccines could play a major role in helping immunization programs address a much wider range of emerging or still problematic pathogens. However, few combinations are currently in the pipeline, in part due to their inherently increased complexity and cost of development compared to standalone formulations. This complexity, in turn, is partly driven by the regulatory requirements surrounding the clinical study program for the combination vaccine, especially the primary clinical endpoints and the required degree of precision around those endpoints, as these ultimately determine the sample size, cost, and duration of the study. As part of a larger effort to facilitate combination vaccine development, vaccine experts at the World Health Organization and PATH coordinated a one-day meeting in March 2025 gathering current and former national regulatory agency staff from a dozen countries, together with vaccine developers, representatives from funding and procurement agencies, and public health and policy officials. The convened participants held spirited discussions on how multiple immune markers and controlled human infection models (CHIM) might contribute to the demonstration of vaccine efficacy. In addition, participants considered the possibility of relying on clinical endpoints when the vaccine components are directed against pathogens causing the same disease syndrome but etiological determination of each component's contribution is not feasible. Regulators welcomed scientifically sound, creative proposals for demonstration of efficacy, and agreed that the benefit-risk of the combination vaccine as a whole should be the primary focus.
