Srinivas University

Video steganography permits hiding pieces of secret information inside video sequences. Video sequences are preferred as cover material connected to other media kinds, such as images, text, or voice, due to their large capacity and difficult structure. Video steganography is a well-known and rapidly expanding topics in information security, with numerous techniques enhanced in the present years. This work describes a significant video steganography technique that uses Binary Discrete Cosine Transform (BDCT) and Pixel-based Advanced Video Coding (PAVC) encryption algorithms for embedding and protecting information concealed within video files. Steganography, the practice of concealing information inside other non-secret data, requires the concealed data to remain invisible. The proposed PAVC-BDCT method takes advantage of BDCT’s strong properties to alter binary-level video data, enhancing the steganographic procedures’ imperceptibility and capacity. Concurrently, an AVC-compliant pixel-based encryption method is used to encrypt the payload preceding to embedding, adding an extra layer of protection. This dual method ensures that the concealed data is well-masked inside the host video stream while concurrently protecting against unauthorized access via encryption. The performance of this method is evaluated in terms of embedding capacity, human-eye imperceptibility, resilience against many attacks (such as compression and resizing), and computational efficiency. The results found that this combined steganographic and encryption technique provides a particularly secure, efficient, and reliable way for hidden data transfer in video applications.

Abstract Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury is highly prevalent among volleyball and basketball players and has a significant impact on the athlete’s career. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct screenings to detect the risk factors for ACL injury. Landing Error Scoring System - Real Time (LESS-RT) is a tool to evaluate the risk factors that may cause ACL injury on field. Hence, the objective of the study was to find the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of LESS-RT in collegiate volleyball and basketball players. Fifty-two college-level athletes who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study, comprising 26 volleyball players and 26 basketball players from various colleges. Three evaluators with varying levels of experience assessed the athletes’ landing techniques using LESS-RT to measure inter-rater reliability. Meanwhile, the first evaluator conducted three sessions with the subjects, separated by 15-minute breaks, to assess intra-rater reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intra-rater reliability was 0.918 (95% CI = 0.874–0.94) 9and for the inter-rater reliability was 0.951 (95% CI = 0.923–0.970). Cronbach’s α for internal consistency was > 0.9. Therefore, LESS-RT demonstrated excellent intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, making it a practical screening tool for ACL injury risk in collegiate volleyball and basketball players. The findings support its use in real-time field assessments and volleyball athletes.

Chitosan/polyaniline (CPA) and chitosan/polyaniline/Nb2O5 (CPAN) hybrid nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as the oxidizing agent, incorporating controlled Nb2O5 nanoparticle loadings (0.2-0.8 g). Structural and morphological analyses using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful incorporation and uniform dispersion of Nb2O5 nanoparticles within the chitosan/polyaniline matrix, along with the formation of well-defined nanocomposites. The AC conductivity (sigma AC), measured in the frequency range of 10 Hz-8 MHz, exhibited a frequency-dependent increase consistent with Jonscher's power law, indicating that correlated barrier hopping (CBH) is the dominant conduction mechanism. Among the samples, the CPA nanocomposite exhibited the highest sigma AC value (6.91 x 10-2 S/m at 8 MHz), suggesting improved charge-carrier mobility at high frequencies. Dielectric studies revealed that both the dielectric constant (epsilon') and dielectric loss (epsilon '') decreased with increasing Nb2O5 content, attributed to reduced charge mobility and enhanced interfacial polarization. At 10 Hz, CPA exhibited exceptionally high dielectric constant (epsilon' = 3.4 x 107) and dielectric loss (epsilon '' = 2.6 x 108) values. Tangent loss spectra displayed distinct relaxation peaks, confirming dielectric relaxation behaviour, while impedance and electric modulus analyses indicated non-Debye-type relaxation. The tunable electrical and dielectric responses of the CPAN nano-composites demonstrate their potential for high-frequency and electronic applications, including energy storage, optoelectronics, thin-film transistors, electrodes, and biosensors.

The hybrid filler composites are superior in terms of strength and durability, which makes them suitable for aerospace, automotive and energy industries. The present research is aimed at investigating the mechanical characteristics of different micro filler reinforcements such as; silica sand, aluminium trihydrate (ATH) in the varied ratio of 10, 20, 30, and 40

The environmental resistome is a dynamic collection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that exist in both untouched and human-altered ecosystems, with important implications for worldwide antimicrobial resistance. This review traces the evolutionary development of the resistome, highlighting its origins from ancient microbial defences in permafrost and remote areas detected through metagenomics of β-lactamases and efflux systems that predate clinical antibiotic use. It also discusses how horizontal gene transfer (HGT) drives its spread today and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during ecological competition and natural antibiotic production. Major reservoirs include soil microbiomes (e.g., fungicide-enriched rhizospheres increasing tetW and sul1 by 2—5 times through HGT), aquatic environments (e.g., microplastic biofilms containing bla TEM and mcr-1 in Pseudomonas groups), extreme habitats (e.g., thawing permafrost releasing blaNDM precursors), and human-related sites (e.g., landfills with 324 ARG subtypes), all contributing to the transfer of ARGs to pathogenic microbes. Mechanistic details show how specific taxa adapt, including RND efflux pumps in Proteobacteria, enzymes like metallo-β-lactamases that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics, mutations in ribosomal targets, and CRISPR-Cas systems that act as gatekeepers (e.g., 20–30