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This study reports the synthesis and multifunctional performance of hierarchical PANI/g-C3N4/ZnO ternary composites prepared via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The synergistic integration of polyaniline (PANI), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and zinc oxide (ZnO) has been studied for structural, optical, and electrical characteristics, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectra, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analyses, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic efficiency of the composites was evaluated by measuring the degradation of malachite green (MG) under UV irradiation. The ternary composite achieved 96.5
The detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) is critically important due to their extensive use in explosive materials and the associated environmental and security risks. In this work, three structurally tailored coumarin derivatives 6-chloro-4-(4-methoxyphenoxymethyl)-chromen-2-one (S1), 1-(4-methoxyphenoxymethyl)-benzo[f]chromen-3-one (S2), and 6-methoxy-4-(4-methoxyphenoxymethyl)-chromen-2-one (S3) were explored as fluorescent probes for NAC sensing in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Steady-state absorption, emission, and time-resolved spectroscopic investigations revealed significant fluorescence quenching upon gradual addition of nitrobenzene (NB), 2-nitrotoluene (2NT), 4-nitrotoluene (4NT), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). Stern–Volmer (S-V) analysis displayed positive deviations for NB, 2NT and 4NT, suggesting a combined dynamic and static quenching mechanism, whereas negative deviations observed for TNP indicates the major contribution from dynamic quenching mechanism. Fluorescence lifetime measurements confirmed dynamic quenching as the dominant pathway. Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative free energy change (ΔGPET) of the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) values for all coumarin–NAC systems, establishing the favourable nature of the PET process. Among the probes, S2 exhibited superior sensing performance owing to its extended π-conjugation and enhanced donor characteristics, resulting in the highest Stern–Volmer constants and quenching efficiencies. Both solution mode and contact mode studies demonstrated practical applicability, with S2 achieving the lowest detection limit for TNP (2.55 × 10⁻⁶ M). Overall, these findings highlight the potential of rationally designed coumarin derivatives as efficient, cost-effective, and selective fluorescent sensors for nitroaromatic detection, particularly for TNP.
Industrial wastewater pollution arising from organic dyes and toxic heavy metal ions represents a serious environmental and public health challenge, demanding sustainable and multifunctional remediation strategies. In this study, NiO-SnO2 nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized via an eco-friendly green solution combustion route using ground nut powder as a bio-derived fuel and systematically explored for environmental and luminescent applications. The resulting materials were comprehensively characterized using XRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, SEM, TEM, and PL techniques, confirming their crystalline heterostructure, nanoscale morphology, and visible light activity. Among the different compositions, the 1:0.5 NiO-SnO2 NCs sample demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance toward visible-light-driven Rhodamine B (RdB) dye degrading and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) reduction, governed by the surface charge near the point of zero charge (pHPZC=8.35). The NiO-SnO2 NCs exhibited excellent reusability across multiple cycles. Beyond, these NCs showed strong photo-luminescence and high colour purity, enabling their application in latent fingerprint detection. This dual functionality illustrates the potential of NiO-SnO2 NCs as eco-friendly, multifunctional materials suitable for both environmental and forensic applications, contributing to sustainable waste management and advanced biometric identification.
The information sharing on behalf of the delivery of the packet in the network router and the original information that is share to the correct person is enabled for the analysis and then the analysis is done. The traffic related problem based on the sharing the information is occur when two or more sis sent in the same routing path. So the packet or the information has been sent using the single router or an execution time delivery for the analysis. The method of novel QoS Routing, fault tolerance is used in this study for the analysis of the system to produce the formation and the analysis of the packet routing. Fault tolerance is used in the deliver the packets without fail and to deliver it in the fast manner. The QoS is used for managing the information or the packets which makes and send the data which is the high priority of the data and the analysis of the dependency is analysed. The finding of the CRAFT related protocol and the efficient routing has been found. Routing system the effective method for the analysis and the protocol transfer has been enabled using the CRAFT method. The suggested system explains the algorithms for enhancing fault detection, fault isolation, data redundancy, robustness against coalescing innovative QoS routing, and fault tolerance improving QoS parameters in the ad-hoc wireless network utilising CRAFT protocol. Compared to the early existing system, fault detection is now three times better. The execution time is 96% faster, and the decreased latency is less than 2 ms. The data redundancy rate is likely about 90% when restricted to the current services, which have improved in terms of resilience by 93%, jitter by 7%, and packet arrival time by over 50 ms per transmission.
Chitosan/polyaniline (CPA) and chitosan/polyaniline/Nb2O5 (CPAN) hybrid nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as the oxidizing agent, incorporating controlled Nb2O5 nanoparticle loadings (0.2-0.8 g). Structural and morphological analyses using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful incorporation and uniform dispersion of Nb2O5 nanoparticles within the chitosan/polyaniline matrix, along with the formation of well-defined nanocomposites. The AC conductivity (sigma AC), measured in the frequency range of 10 Hz-8 MHz, exhibited a frequency-dependent increase consistent with Jonscher's power law, indicating that correlated barrier hopping (CBH) is the dominant conduction mechanism. Among the samples, the CPA nanocomposite exhibited the highest sigma AC value (6.91 x 10-2 S/m at 8 MHz), suggesting improved charge-carrier mobility at high frequencies. Dielectric studies revealed that both the dielectric constant (epsilon') and dielectric loss (epsilon '') decreased with increasing Nb2O5 content, attributed to reduced charge mobility and enhanced interfacial polarization. At 10 Hz, CPA exhibited exceptionally high dielectric constant (epsilon' = 3.4 x 107) and dielectric loss (epsilon '' = 2.6 x 108) values. Tangent loss spectra displayed distinct relaxation peaks, confirming dielectric relaxation behaviour, while impedance and electric modulus analyses indicated non-Debye-type relaxation. The tunable electrical and dielectric responses of the CPAN nano-composites demonstrate their potential for high-frequency and electronic applications, including energy storage, optoelectronics, thin-film transistors, electrodes, and biosensors.
