The State Library of Ohio is a state agency that provides services to state government and all types of libraries to ensure that all Ohio residents, rich or poor, rural or urban, receive the best possible library service and are able to engage in lifelong learning which strengthens the economic health of Ohio.The State Library is governed by a five-member board. The Board members are appointed by the State Board of Education and each member serves a five-year term of office. Under the Ohio Revised Code, section 3375.01, the State Library Board is responsible for the State Library of Ohio and a statewide program of development and coordination of library services.
Objective Dams impede fish movement and can isolate riverine populations into defined areas. The Alabama River is divided into four major sections by three lock-and-dam structures. Here, we used otolith microchemistry and genetic techniques to quantify potential movements and population connectivity among these river sections for two fish species (Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens and White Crappie Pomoxis annularis) that differ in life expectancies, spawning strategies, and swimming abilities.Methods We collected water samples throughout the study area to quantify spatial variation in trace element ratios, and we collected fish from the four river sections defined by the three lock-and-dam structures to quantify spatial variation in their otolith trace element ratios and their population genetic structure.Results Trace element ratios (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, and Ba:Ca) in water samples collected throughout the study area varied spatially but were temporally consistent. Broad patterns in water chemistry were reflected in element : Ca ratios in otolith whole transects (i.e., across entire life), edges (reflecting time of capture), and cores (reflecting early life). Correlations between otolith edge and season-specific water Sr:Ca ratios from the areas where fish were collected were significant for both species, while the associations between otolith edges and water were mostly nonsignificant for Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, and Ba:Ca ratios. Linear discriminant analyses were used to determine how accurately the multivariate element signatures in otolith edges could classify fish back to the river sections from which they were collected, resulting in mixed accuracies between species. Genetic structure was present in both species but was weaker in Freshwater Drum than in White Crappie, indicating that barriers have had a greater influence on White Crappie genomics than on Freshwater Drum genomics. Overall, there was little support for either species showing substantive movement past the lock-and-dam structures.Conclusions Our results based on both otolith microchemistry and genetics suggest that movement of these species past dams is very limited. Individuals of both species generally appear to remain in areas near where they hatched; although movements among habitats may occur, both upstream and downstream dam passage events appear rare. Efforts at increasing connectivity, if successful in attracting and moving fish, would increase opportunities for movement, thus increasing gene flow beyond its highly restricted current state. Dams can alter the ability of fish to move in rivers. We studied the effects of dams on movement of Freshwater Drum and White Crappie and found that both their ear stone chemical composition and their genetic structure supported limited movement past lock-and-dam structures.
Managing pain in horses is challenging despite the availability of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, local anaesthetics, opioids and α 2 ‐adrenoreceptor agonists. While α 2 ‐agonists are widely used for sedation and restraint, their analgesic properties remain underutilised. This review outlines their mechanisms, clinical applications and limitations in equine practice. Commonly used agents, including xylazine, detomidine, romifidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine, act on α 2 ‐adrenoreceptor subtypes in the central and peripheral nervous system. Centrally, they reduce norepinephrine release and nociceptive transmission, producing sedation and analgesia. Peripherally, they cause transient vasoconstriction, decreased gastrointestinal motility, hyperglycaemia and diuresis. Cardiovascular effects typically follow a biphasic pattern of hypertension and bradycardia, then hypotension. Clinically, α 2 ‐agonists are integral for managing colic pain, reducing inhalant anaesthetic requirements and providing multimodal analgesia. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, epidurally or transmucosally, with epidural use producing prolonged effects when combined with local anaesthetics. Xylazine and dexmedetomidine act rapidly but briefly, whereas detomidine and romifidine provide longer sedation and analgesia. Reversal agents such as yohimbine, tolazoline and atipamezole exist, though side effects limit routine use. Their use may be limited by regulatory and licensing restrictions, potential for human abuse and adverse effects such as dysphoria and gastrointestinal stasis. Vatinoxan, a peripherally selective antagonist, may allow sedation with reduced cardiovascular depression while preserving central sedative and analgesic effects. A persistent challenge is separating analgesia from sedation, as both overlap clinically. Evidence suggests that analgesic duration varies by drug, and future research should aim to develop α 2 ‐agonists with potent analgesic but minimal sedative effects to improve equine pain management.
ABSTRACT: Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that has been approved for use as a clinical and veterinary anesthetic since 1970. Although esketamine, a specific molecular form of ketamine, is FDA-approved for the management of treatment-resistant depression, regular ketamine is often used off-label at subanesthetic doses to treat depression as well as other psychiatric disorders and pain. Despite the lower doses of ketamine used for analgesia and depression, ketamine can cause dissociative, psychomimetic, and hemodynamic symptoms that require careful monitoring during and after administration. Over the past several years, rising public interest in ketamine has led to a “wild west” of so-called ketamine clinics, which offer off-label ketamine treatment, sometimes through compounding pharmacies, for a variety of conditions. These clinics are largely unregulated, representing a possible ongoing threat to the safety of patients which may merit action among state medical regulators. Regulations may be helpful for all of the stakeholders in the off-label ketamine marketplace, including distributors, compounding pharmacies, clinics, and providers themselves. In this article, the pharmacology of ketamine and evidence supporting off-label use are reviewed, along with suggestions for regulating the burgeoning ketamine clinic landscape.
