Sunchon National University (Acronym: SNU; Korean, 순천대학교, Suncheon Daehakgyo, colloquially Suncheondae) is a national research university founded in 1935, located in Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, South Korea.SNU composes six colleges and five professional schools, and a student body of about 26,000. College of Life Science and Natural Resources, College of Social Sciences, College of Humanities and Arts, College of Engineering, College of Education, and College of Pharmacy.Also various and differentiated programs such as human resources exchanges with overseas leading universities, global overseas training, overseas culture expedition, etc. The university maintains an undergraduate exchange program with the University of Sheffield, University of Oklahoma, and University of Missouri.
Endosulfan, an insecticide containing six chlorine atoms, can be susceptible to reductive dechlorination by Fe(0). However, no reliable scientific reports have documented its abiotic dechlorination using Fe(0). In our study, we investigated the reaction between endosulfan and Fe(0) and found that endosulfan does not undergo reductive dehalogenation. Instead, it is hydrolyzed to yield equimolar quantities of endosulfan diol. This finding was verified using analytical methods, including GC–MS, IR and NMR, on the tentatively collected reaction product and by comparison with data for standard endosulfan diol. Iron oxide on the surface of Fe(0) we used was Fe3O4, which was verified by the XPS and Raman analysis. Acid-washed Fe(0) without Fe3O4 coating on the surface of Fe(0) could not hydrolyze endosulfan, nor could Fe3O4 alone without Fe(0), indicating that the combined roles of Fe(0) and the Fe3O4 coating are important. In contrast to previous studies showing alkaline hydrolysis of endosulfan at high pH, our results indicate that no hydrolysis occurred at pH 11 in the absence of Fe(0) over 48 h. Approximately 98
Bio-derived antimicrobial additives are gaining significant attention for functional polymer materials, including antimicrobial coatings, packaging films, and surface-engineered composites. In such macromolecular systems, the extraction chemistry is a critical factor as it governs the molecular functionality, polarity balance, and subsequent compatibility with polymer matrices. This study demonstrates a solvent-controlled Soxhlet extraction strategy using mixed hexane–ethanol systems (4:6, 6:4, and 7:3 ratios) to tailor the chemical characteristics of Ziziphus mauritiana essential oils for materials-oriented applications. A hexane–ethanol ratio of 6:4 produced a markedly enhanced oil yield of 39.8
Granisetron, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, is widely used for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea-vomiting in patients with cancer. However, quantitative data describing differences in in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) among available formulations, including intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, and transdermal patches, and comparative drug concentrations at pharmacological target tissues, such as the central chemoreceptor trigger zone and enterovagal nerve terminals, remain limited. This study aimed to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict systemic and pharmacological target tissue concentrations of granisetron across multiple routes of administration and to elucidate route-specific PK and target-tissue exposure characteristics to support optimization of antiemetic therapy. A PBPK model was developed using literature-derived clinical PK data integrated with human physiological parameters and relevant in vitro data. The model was calibrated and validated against single-dose and multiple-dose clinical datasets. Predictive performance was evaluated using the ratio of model-predicted values to observed values and the proportion of observed data captured within prediction intervals. Subsequently, granisetron concentrations in pharmacological target tissues were simulated at clinically relevant doses for each route of administration. The PBPK model accurately reproduced plasma concentration-time profiles for all administration routes and demonstrated acceptable predictive accuracy for key PK parameters. Tissue-level simulations showed that intravenous and oral administration produced rapid and high central exposure, with oral administration reflecting rapid gastrointestinal absorption into the systemic circulation. In contrast, the transdermal patch provided sustained and stable central and peripheral exposure, whereas subcutaneous administration yielded prolonged systemic exposure compared with intravenous and oral dosing, resulting in intermediate systemic and target-tissue exposure. Distinct tissue exposure profiles and exposure durations were observed for each formulation. This study provides the first PBPK-based quantitative characterization of granisetron PK and target-tissue exposure across clinically relevant routes of administration. The findings support route-specific optimization of antiemetic therapy according to patient characteristics and clinical context. Furthermore, the developed model may facilitate personalized supportive care in oncology, including applications in vulnerable populations (e.g., older adults, individuals with hepatic impairment, pregnant patients), as well as formulation development research.
Human biomonitoring provides direct measures of internal exposure to environmental chemicals, but translating biomarker concentrations into quantitative external exposure and risk estimates remains challenging. Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) are widely used biocides, and population exposure is typically assessed via urinary biomarkers. However, a quantitative framework connecting biomonitoring data to external dose and health risk is currently lacking. This study aims to quantitatively reconstruct external CMIT/MIT exposures from human urinary biomonitoring data using a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model and to assess human health risk via integrating reverse dosimetry with an internal dose–based reference dose (RfD). A human-scale PopPK model capable of quantitatively describing urinary excretion of N-methylmalonamic acid and the mercapturic acid metabolite M-12 following oral CMIT/MIT exposure was developed. Model parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling and evaluated via bootstrap analysis, visual predictive checks, goodness-of-fit diagnostics, and normalized prediction distribution error analysis. The validated model was then applied to adult biomonitoring data from the German Environmental Sample Bank and to pediatric and adolescent survey data. External exposure doses were reconstructed via reverse dosimetry, accounting for inter-individual PK variability. Human health risk was quantified using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach, referencing an internal dose–derived oral RfD of 0.02 mg/kg/day. The final PopPK model reliably captured urinary biomarker excretion dynamics at population and individual levels. Parameter estimates were robust, with bootstrap medians closely aligned with the final model values. Reconstructed external exposures exhibited no consistent long-term increasing or decreasing trend in adults and no systematic age- or sex-related pattern in pediatric and adolescents. Most exposure scenarios yielded MOE values > 10, while only extreme upper-bound conditions yielded MOEs of approximately 2–5. Even under conservative assumptions, all MOE values remained above 1. This study demonstrates that human biomonitoring data can be quantitatively translated into external exposure and risk metrics using a PopPK-based reverse dosimetry framework. The findings indicate that current CMIT/MIT exposure levels in the general population are unlikely to pose health concerns under typical environmental conditions. The integrated biomonitoring–modeling approach offers a regulatory-relevant framework for linking internal biomarkers to external exposure and health risk assessment.
Accurate estimation of effective soil thermal conductivity is crucial for designing and managing geosystems such as underground power cables, thermally active geostructures, and nuclear waste repositories. Previous studies have examined the soil thermal response by varying soil properties and water saturation for specific soil types. However, the applicability of these methods in capturing the evolution of effective soil thermal conductivity across different soil types and fundamental soil properties is limited. This study investigates the effect of soil type and fundamental soil properties on effective soil thermal conductivity across the full range of water saturation. A predictive model is developed to describe the evolution of normalized thermal conductivity with saturation, incorporating two physically meaningful parameters that characterize the initial and intermediate thermal response with increasing water saturation. This model adequately fits the effective soil thermal conductivity data collected from the literature. Using an extensive dataset of various soil types, soils are classified into three major texture groups: coarse-textured, moderately coarse-to medium-textured, and moderately fine-to fine-textured soils. These groups exhibit distinct trends in thermal conductivity evolution with water saturation, as reflected in their model parameters. Further analysis explores the key soil properties that govern these model parameters, providing a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms controlling thermal conductivity variation. As an engineering application, a practical reference is proposed to categorize soils based on key parameters such as the saturated and dry thermal conductivity, initial porosity, and average thermal conductivity of soil particles.
