Sungkonghoe University

In Time Division Duplex (TDD) Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS/CDMA) architectures, Pre-Rake filtering serves as a powerful transmitter-side strategy to alleviate receiver hardware constraints by leveraging channel reciprocity. Nevertheless, rapid channel fluctuations induced by high Doppler spreads critically undermine this reciprocity assumption. This failure is primarily driven by the unavoidable latency between uplink reception and downlink transmission, leading to severe performance deterioration. To address these challenges and enhance system robustness in modern high-speed scenarios, we propose an improved hybrid transceiver architecture. This scheme integrates multiplexed Pre-Rake processing with a Matched Filter-based Rake receiver and employs a Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) equalizer to suppress the severe Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and Multi-User Interference (MUI). Furthermore, we conduct a comparative analysis of channel estimation methods tailored for a 10 Mbps high-speed transmission environment.Our investigation reveals that while complex quadratic interpolation is often prioritized in low-data-rate studies, simple averaging is sufficient and even superior in high-speed communications. This is because the shortened slot duration allows simple averaging to effectively track channel variations while avoiding the noise overfitting associated with higher-order interpolation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MMSE-optimized architecture achieves superior Bit Error Rate (BER) performance, providing a practical and computationally efficient solution for next-generation mobile networks.

As global environmental crises intensify, movements advocating for the Rights of Nature are gaining momentum, aiming to reshape legal frameworks that have historically reinforced human domination over the natural world. This movement seeks to end the commodification of nature as mere resources for exploitation and to restore a more balanced relationship between humans and ecosystems – viewed by its advocates as essential for a political and legal revolution. Progress has been notable in countries such as Ecuador, Bolivia, and New Zealand, where indigenous rights movements have successfully championed the intrinsic value of nature; however, in Ireland – both North and South – Rights of Nature campaigns have emerged outside traditional indigenous contexts. Irish activists, identifying as ‘environmental protectors’, have mobilised to promote these rights, but paradoxically, projects deemed ‘green extractivist’, such as gold mining in the Sperrins, continue to be implemented despite some local councils passing motions to recognise the Rights of Nature. This contradiction highlights that the Rights of Nature need to go beyond legal recognition and involve broader political implications for decision-making processes, which warrant thorough examination. This paper critically assesses the current state of the Rights of Nature in Northern Ireland, exploring their implications, analysing relevant planning cases, and examining political developments since the adoption of these motions. It contends that the Rights of Nature framework provides environmental defenders with a complementary yet essential tool to anchor their anti-mining resistance and to promote greater participation in environmental law and governance.

This article examines the recent dissolution of H-Coop, South Korea's first feminist-oriented consumer cooperative, founded in 1989 by a women's organization. Initially established to promote gender equality and civic participation through daily practices such as consumption, H-Coop played a symbolic and pioneering role in the Korean cooperative movement. However, despite its ideological significance, the cooperative experienced long-standing business stagnation, mounting financial deficits, and management challenges, ultimately leading to its closure in 2025. Drawing on qualitative research methods, this study explores H-Coop's collapse within the broader discourse on cooperative failure. This article critically engages with existing theoretical frameworks, mainly developed in the Western European context, while also considering the unique historical and socio-cultural context of the cooperative movement in South Korea. This study has two implications. First, through the case of H-Coop, the study assesses the applicability of existing theoretical explanations and considers new insights into the failure of cooperatives in the contemporary Korean context. Second, analyzing the challenges and eventual failure that H-Coop has experienced over the years offers valuable and meaningful insights not only for practitioners within Korea's cooperative sector but also for cooperative stakeholders globally.

The current study explores whether the association between bullying victimization and internalizing symptoms differs when family structure is considered. The study participants were African American adolescents in four of Chicago's Southside neighborhoods, ages 13 to 18. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. The prevalence of bullying victimization and internalizing symptoms was similar across family structures. The relationship between bullying victimization and internalizing symptoms was significant across adolescents of all family structures. These findings suggest that although the association between bullying victimization and internalizing symptoms is significant across all family structures, the relationship between adolescents and their caregivers is still an important consideration in bullying prevention and intervention efforts.

In the crowded landscape of social media, hashtags serve not only as navigational tools but also as strategic signals of meaning and intent. This study examines how hashtag strategies—specifically semantic similarity with post content and usage frequency—affect sales outcomes in influencer-driven electronic commerce. Drawing on self-presentation theory, we analyze panel data from Instagram posts to explore how these hashtag dimensions interact with influencers’ self-presentation styles. The results show that hashtag–posting similarity significantly enhances sales, particularly among influencers exhibiting a Judging (J)-type self-presentation marked by structured and purposeful communication. In contrast, hashtag frequency alone does not increase sales performance and may even diminish it, indicating that excessive use can be counterproductive. However, for J-type influencers, an increase in hashtag frequency yields positive effects when it is deployed within a coherent and structured self-presentation framework, strengthening trust and ultimately enhancing conversion rates. These findings highlight that both what is said (semantic content) and how much is said (frequency) matter, but their effects depend on influencers’ expressive styles. The study provides actionable insights for marketers and brands, suggesting that effective hashtag strategies should align with influencers’ self-presentation tendencies rather than follow standardized or quantitative rules.