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Malt is highly susceptible to mildew under high-humidity environments, which poses a serious threat to product quality. This study established support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme learning machine (ELM) classification models for three malt mold risk levels based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques, for early mold risk prediction. Using the total number of mold and yeast (TYMC) as a key quality control indicator, after spectral preprocessing and feature band screening optimization, it was found through comparison that the SVM model based on HIS and NIR single source data can achieve rapid screening of malt mold grades, with accuracy, Kappa value, and area under the curve (AUC) of 95.31%, 0.9296, and 0.9904, and 99.75%, 0.9963, and 0.9949, respectively. To fully exploit the complementary advantages of multi-source spectral information, three levels of data fusion strategies, low-level, mid-level, and high-level, were further investigated for integrating HSI and NIRS data. The results demonstrated that the mid-level fusion strategy based on the SVM model achieved the best performance, with accuracy, Kappa value, and AUC reaching 100%, 1.0000, and 0.9949. Compared with models based on single spectral data, the multi-source spectral fusion strategy enhanced the discrimination capability for malt mildew degrees, thereby providing a feasible technical solution for the rapid non-destructive detection and early risk warning of moldy malt slices.
Vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) are key regulators of membrane fusion, vesicular trafficking and intercellular communication. Structurally and functionally diverse, VAMPs participate in multiple physiological processes, and their dysfunction facilitates the progression of various aging-related diseases. This review aims to systematically summarize the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of VAMPs. We summarize current evidence to clarify the functions of VAMPs in aging-related disorders, and elaborate their roles in vesicle dynamic events as well as the regulatory effects of post-translational modifications on VAMP activity. VAMPs are closely involved in neurodegenerative, metabolic, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. They modulate the whole process of vesicle circulation, and post-translational modifications dynamically regulate VAMP function. VAMP-targeting agents present promising prospects for disease intervention. Targeting VAMPs provides innovative therapeutic strategies to ameliorate aging-related pathological conditions.
Chloroplast genome analyses provide critical insights into plant genetic diversity, evolution, and responses to abiotic stress. In Beta vulgaris L., a major crop contributing approximately 20
Electroencephalography (EEG) enables the direct measurement of stroke-related brain activity, which is crucial for objectively evaluating therapeutic effects of neuromodulatory interventions in stroke. Numerous studies indicate that EEG spectra comprise a mixture of periodic oscillations and aperiodic background; however, how aperiodic activity, distinct from oscillatory components, characterizes and quantifies external stimulation remains unclear. In this paper, we parameterized the power spectra of EEG recorded from 30 stroke subjects with acupuncture stimulation and investigated the changes of oscillatory and aperiodic brain activity following acupuncture stimulation. For the oscillatory components, we found that acupuncture increased both the power and center frequency of alpha oscillations in the left fronto-parietal cortex, indicating a shift toward faster and more strongly synchronized activity in the lesioned regions. Next, analysis of aperiodic brain activity demonstrated widespread decreases in the aperiodic exponent and offset, most prominently in the ipsilesional hemisphere. These globally and spatially coherent changes suggest that aperiodic dynamics are highly sensitive to acupuncture, reflecting coordinated changes in the background spectral organization. Furthermore, analyses of both periodic and aperiodic features revealed that acupuncture improved interhemispheric symmetry, with particularly pronounced effects observed in alpha center frequency, alpha power, and the aperiodic exponent. Collectively, this study extracted oscillatory and aperiodic spectral features to characterize EEG activity, identified alpha center frequency, alpha power, and the aperiodic exponent as potential biomarkers of acupuncture-induced changes in stroke, and provided evidence for the modulatory effects of peripheral acupuncture stimulation on brain activity.
Existing research on phosphorus-lowering in CKD predominantly focuses on dialysis patients and intermediate biomarkers like serum phosphorus and PTH, lacking evidence on hard clinical outcomes such as ESRD progression or mortality in non-dialysis CKD. With limited supporting evidence in KDIGO guidelines, this study systematically evaluates active phosphate-lowering on mortality and renal progression in this population. This study identified and included eligible RCTs from Chinese and English databases up to August 2025, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, and PubMed. Methodologically, it innovatively categorized subjects into "greater reduction" and "smaller reduction" groups based on actual achieved serum phosphate reduction, rather than by intervention type, to directly evaluate the relationship between phosphorus-lowering efficacy and clinical outcomes (mortality and dialysis). A total of 27 randomized controlled trials were included, involving 3149 non-dialysis CKD patients. Meta-analysis shows that actively reducing serum phosphorus can significantly delay the progression of renal function in non-dialysis CKD patients, reduce their all-cause mortality rate (RR, 0.52; 95
