Chloroplast genome analyses provide critical insights into plant genetic diversity, evolution, and responses to abiotic stress. In Beta vulgaris L., a major crop contributing approximately 20

BACKGROUND:Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans, yet its dietary availability largely depends on plant-based foods. In rice, Se uptake occurs mainly via sulfate transporters due to the chemical similarity between sulfate and selenate. While the role of transporters such as OsSULTR1;2 has been described in japonica rice, little is known about their regulation in indica aromatic cultivars like Super Basmati, which are naturally enriched in Se and widely consumed across Asia. This study aimed to characterize the transcriptional regulation of OsSULTR genes in Basmati rice under selenate exposure to identify candidate transporters contributing to Se biofortification. METHODS AND RESULTS:Super Basmati seedlings were hydroponically grown under varying sulfate and selenate concentrations, and gene expression was analyzed in roots, shoots, and developing grains by qRT-PCR. Se accumulation was quantified using ICP-MS. Among high-affinity transporters, OsSULTR1;1 showed strong induction in root tissues under selenate supply and was persistently expressed in developing grains, indicating dual roles in uptake and grain loading. In contrast, OsSULTR1;2 and OsSULTR1;3 were shoot-specific with minimal induction. Group 3 transporters exhibited variable shoot-specific expression, with OsSULTR3;2 and OsSULTR3;3 showing notable induction during grain development. Se accumulation increased dose-dependently in roots and shoots, with efficient translocation to shoots and progressive enrichment in grains. Uptake was strongly pH-dependent, with maximal absorption at acidic pH (3.5). CONCLUSIONS:Our findings highlight OsSULTR1;1 as the primary transporter mediating Se uptake and seed loading in Basmati rice, contrasting with OsSULTR1;2 in japonica rice. This study provides new molecular insights into Se accumulation in aromatic indica rice and identifies OsSULTR1;1 as a promising target for Se biofortification strategies to improve dietary nutrition.

This study examined the effects of hydropriming and nanopriming on the germination and physiological parameters of sugar beet seeds. Seeds were treated with distilled water as a traditional method and with TiO2 nanoparticle solutions at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 ppm as an advanced method. Seeds were soaked for 3, 6, and 9 h, followed by postpriming maintenance for 10 and 45 days. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in germination rates between the control and primed groups. Both priming methods markedly increased alpha-amylase activity and chlorophyll content, indicating improved metabolic and photosynthetic potential. Notably, nanopriming for shorter durations increased seedling vigor and reduced oxidative stress, although there was a slight rise in malondialdehyde levels after 9 h of priming. These findings demonstrate that hydropriming effectively enhances enzymatic activity and chlorophyll levels whereas nanopriming with TiO2nanoparticles offers additional advantages in stress resilience and early seedling performance. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing seed priming techniques to enhance crop productivity in agriculture.

This study examined the physiological, biochemical, ultrastructural, and cytological effects of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on Digitalis ferruginea subsp. ferruginea L. under in vitro conditions. Germination, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, anatomical structures and cytotoxicity were analyzed. Germination percentages were not significantly affected by NP exposure (p = 0.800), although minor variations were measured between treatments. ZnO NPs at 20 µg/mL increased photosynthetic rate (6.85 ± 1.01 µmol m⁻2 s⁻1), while CuO NPs at 5 µg/mL induced strong inhibitory effects (0.79 ± 0.45 µmol m⁻2 s⁻1). CuO NPs at 7.5 µg/mL significantly reduced chlorophyll a and b contents (p < 0.001), and CuO at 2.5 µg/mL caused a decrease in stomatal conductance (p = 0.009). TEM analysis showed that lower NP concentrations preserved cell wall and chloroplast integrity, while higher doses caused thylakoid disorganization, mitochondrial swelling, and vacuolization. Cytological observations presented that CuO, TiO2, and high ZnO concentrations triggered chromosomal abnormalities, such as anaphase bridges, spindle disturbances, and chromosome fragmentation. Root viability assays confirmed the membrane damage in CuO 2.5 µg/mL (p < 0.001), while ZnO 20 µg/mL retained integrity. In conclusion, NP effects on Digitalis ferruginea subsp. ferruginea L. were dose- and type-dependent, with ZnO NPs exhibiting biostimulant properties at optimal concentrations and CuO NPs demonstrating cyto- and genotoxic effects. These findings point out the dual role of NPs as growth promoters and stress inducers, emphasizing the importance of NP exposure in plant biotechnological applications.

Sugar beet is a high-sucrose crop primarily used for sugar production, and it is now gaining attention as a promising source for bioethanol production and cattle feed. This crop is also utilized for the extraction of pectin and the production of molasses. Despite its utilization across a wide range of industries, abiotic and biotic stress factors greatly reduce the productivity of the cash crop sugar beet. In this paper, we focus on the development of biotic stress-resistant sugar beet plants through various classical and biotechnological applications. In recent decades, omics technologies, next-generation sequencing, gene editing/silencing, and overexpression techniques have been utilized to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying biotic stress responses in sugar beet. Although conventional breeding is a time-consuming and lengthy procedure, it still maintains its relevance in the sugar beet sector. Türkiye’s first disease resistant local and national sugar beet varieties, Türkşeker 2023 and Türkşeker 2053, are products of classical breeding and have begun to be cultivated in the country. Rhizomania, Cercospora leaf spot, cyst nematode, Rhizoctonia root rot, and sugar beet root maggot are the main biotic stress factors that negatively affect plant health and agricultural productivity in sugar beet. Currently, the development of new traits for resistance to fungi, viruses, pests, and nematodes is most commonly expected in sugar beet production. The integration of molecular markers in conventional breeding procedures, as well as next-generation biotechnological approaches including transgenic and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, has provided a reliable means of improving biotic stress resistance in sugar beet. Regulatory frameworks regarding genetically modified plants, including sugar beet, are crucial for food safety and environmental impact and require discussion. T he present review summarizes the applications of next-generation biotechnological techniques, omics technologies, and traditional breeding strategies to improve biotic stress resistance in sugar beet.

Pulses are an important component of the agricultural production system, providing high-quality food to millions of people worldwide. Among pulses, lentil is an annual and self-pollinated crop known to be its high proteins, amino acids, dietary fibers and low fat in the world. In the current study, the characterization of 44 lentil genotypes was performed using SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) technique. The protein bands were scored according to a binary system as the present (1) or absent (0) that ranged 12-20 bands in lentil genotypes. The Jaccard’s coefficient of genetic dissimilarity (GD) was measured, and the mean GD was 0.216. Maximum genetic distance was found as 0.526 between Syria2 with Iraq3 and these genotypes might be recommended for future lentil breeding. AMOVA explored the presence of higher genetic variety within genotypes (83%) than among genotypes (17% variations). STRUCTURE algorithm separated lentil genotypes into two groups mainly on the basis of their geographic. The UPGMA clustering separated lentil genotypes into two main clusters A and B. The PCoA was also conducted to confirm the results of structure and UPGMA analyses. Findigs from the PCoA and structure analyses were in full agreement with those obtained by UPGMA. The results might be useful for researchers worldwide who are interested in lentil breeding.

"Plant genetic resources (PGRs) encompass the entire genetic material found in crop species and their wild relatives, including all gene variations. These resources are of vital importance in increasing the resistance and resilience capacity and quality of agricultural products. Increasing population and global climate change will lead to an increase in the demand for these genetic resources. Some valuable genetic resources have already been lost due to environmental impacts and genetic erosion. Preserving genetic diversity is essential for sustainable food security; therefore, the ecosystem. To achieve effective conservation, it is advisable to combine both in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods as complementary approaches, and these genetic resources should be diversified with local varieties, natural species and modern species using biotechnological approaches in order to maintain biodiversity. Additionally, progress in biotechnological methods such as cryopreservation, next-generation sequencing technologies, molecular markers, genetic storage and in vitro culture helps characterize and preserve rare and endangered species. This study was written to underline the steps taken recently to protect the diversity of plant genetic resources to ensure sustainable global food security."

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is considered one of the most important crops in terms of economics and food. With the widespread applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant science that have received great interest due to their amazing results and promising capabilities, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of TiO2 and ZnO NPs on sugar beet plants cultured in vitro in several respects: seed germination, morphology, chlorophyll a and b contents, carotenoids, and the most important sugar beet metabolites, betaine and betalains. To investigate the effects, four different concentrations of NPs (0, 5, 15, and 25 mg/mL) were applied to two genotypes of sugar beet. Following the applications, germination numbers and root and hypocotyl lengths were measured. Further, chlorophyll, carotenoids, betaine, and betalains contents were estimated and compared. Plants exposed to NPs did not show a significant difference in seed germination, chlorophyll contents, or carotenoids as compared to the controls. On the other hand, betaine showed improvement at low concentrations of NPs and gradually decreased with increasing concentrations in both genotypes. Concerning betaxanthin, the monogerm genotype (SG833) showed a statistically significant increase in plants exposed to TiO2 NPs with concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL, while in the multigerm genotype (SG2020), a significant improvement was shown in plants exposed to ZnO NPs at concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL. Regarding betacyanin, it showed a statistically significant enhancement only in plants exposed to 25 mg/ mL ZnO NPs in the monogerm genotype. The effects of ZnO and TiO2 NPs at varying concentrations on sugar beet were studied. The research focused on the production of betaine and betalains, which are important secondary metabolites. The results indicated the possibility of increasing the production of these compounds while avoiding any negative or phytotoxic effects.

OBJECTIVE:Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are complex lesions that usually require stenting of long segments, and, therefore more prone to restenosis and/or thrombosis. Polymer-free stents to avoid chronic inflammatory response in the vessel wall are a potential solution to reduce target lesion revascularization. We, therefore, investigated the clinical outcomes following successful amphilimus-eluting polymer-free stent implantation in long CTOs.PATIENTS AND METHODS:A total of 77 consecutive patients who underwent successful revascularization for long CTOs (lesion length ≥30 mm) using Cre8 stents were included. Baseline demographics, periprocedural characteristics, in-hospital events, and post-discharge long-term cardiovascular events were retrospectively screened for all patients.RESULTS:The Japanese CTO score was 1.58 ± 0.96, and the lesion length was 54.0 ± 9.89 mm. All cases were technically successful (n = 77, 100%), while procedural success was obtained in 74 patients (96.1%). Periprocedural complications were contrast-induced nephropathy (n = 4, 5.2%), coronary perforation (n = 3, 3.8%), residual dissection (n = 1, 1.3%), and femoral artery pseudoaneurysm (n = 1, 1.3%). Three patients (3.9%) presented periprocedural myocardial infarction requiring repeat percutaneous coronary intervention. At 25.0 ± 15.8 months follow-up, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were observed in 14 patients (18.1%).CONCLUSIONS:The Cre8 polymer-free drug- eluting stents seems safe and effective for percutaneous revascularization of long CTO lesions with a high success and low adverse event rate.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ) meets the 21% of world sugar production. Soil pollution, biotic and abiotic factors in production areas greatly reduce product quantity and quality. Sugar beet responds to biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, heat, light, and infections of nematode, bacteria and fungi at the molecular level. Understanding molecular mechanisms require comprehensive genomics studies in order to control these mechanisms to increase the yield and quality. Transcriptome studies performed under stress conditions can shed light on the responses of plants at the molecular level. In addition, meta-analysis can help to find common responses under different stress conditions. In this study four different stress-related transcriptome data were used: two of them are related with biotic stress (nematode and fungi infection) and two of them are related with abiotic stress (ABA treatment and salt stress). In this study, we performed meta-analysis of studies conducted under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Our results revealed 460 commonly regulated genes from biotic stress related data and 1031 commonly regulated genes from abiotic stress related data. Our data also showed that expression of ten genes is controlled regardless of the type of stress condition. The data can be useful for understanding the molecular aspect of adaptive stress response in sugar beet.

Vibriosis is caused by Vibrio anguillarum in various species of aquaculture. A novel, secure, and stable vaccine is needed to eradicate vibriosis. Here, for reverse vaccinology and plant-based expression, the outer membrane protein K (OmpK) of V. anguillarum was chosen due to its conserved nature in all Vibrio species. OmpK, an ideal vaccine candidate against vibriosis, demonstrated immunogenic, non-allergic, and non-toxic behavior by using various bioinformatics tools. Docking showed the interaction of the OmpK model with TLR-5. In comparison to costly platforms, plants can be used as alternative and economic bio-factories to produce vaccine antigens. We expressed OmpK antigen in Nicotiana tabacum using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The expression vector was constructed using Gateway® cloning. Transgene integration was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the copy number via qRT-PCR, which showed two copies of transgenes. Western blotting detected monomeric form of OmpK protein. The total soluble protein (TSP) fraction of OmpK was equivalent to 0.38% as detected by ELISA. Mice and fish were immunized with plant-derived OmpK antigen, which showed a significantly high level of anti-OmpK antibodies. The present study is the first report of OmpK antigen expression in higher plants for the potential use as vaccine in aquaculture against vibriosis, which could provide protection against multiple Vibrio species due to the conserved nature OmpK antigen.

Background CD163 is a glycosylated membrane protein expressed in monocytes and macrophages that phagocytize the hemoglobin/haptoglobin complex. As a result of proinflammatory stimuli, CD163 is shedded from the cell membrane and becomes soluble CD163. Therefore, it has been shown that serum (s) and urine (u) levels of soluble CD163 increase in acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. sCD163 and uCD163 are considered as potential biomarkers reflecting disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objectives We aimed to investigate the association of serum and urine soluble CD163 levels and renal CD163 expression with disease activity in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). Methods Serum and urine levels of CD163 of 45 SLE patients (active renal 20, active non-renal 15, inactive 10) and 20 healthy volunteers were tested by ELISA. Control samples were taken from 12 active renal patients after six months of treatment and 30 renal biopsy specimens were examined for CD163 expression. Results Of 45 participants, 37 (82.2%) were female, with a median disease duration of 113 (1-436) months and a mean age of 38,9±13 (18-68) years. Both the frequency of uCD163 positivity and its levels were significantly higher in the active LN group compared to the inactive LN (p=0,007 and 0.02 respectively) and active non-renal SLE (p=0,001 and 0.023 respectively) groups (Table 1). sCD163 and uCD163 levels of 12 patients with active LN were significantly reduced after treatment (p=0,04 and p=0,006) (Figure 1). CD163+ macrophage expression in kidney biopsies of patients with active LN correlated with sCD163 (r= 0.597 and p=0.01) and uCD163 (r=0.507 and p=0.045) levels. Conclusion uCD163 is a promising biomarker that can differentiate active LN from inactive LN and active extrarenal SLE changing in line with treatment response. Correlation of both s and uCD163 with CD163+ macrophage expression in biopsies suggests that it may be used as an activity parameter in patients with lupus nephritis histopathologically. Further studies are awaited to confirm these results (This study was funded by Istanbul University with the project number TTU-2021-38289) REFERENCES: NIL. Acknowledgements: NIL. Disclosure of Interests None Declared.Table 1Serum and urine levels of CD163 across study groupsBiomarkerActive LN (n=20)Inactive LN (n=10)PExtrarenal active SLE (n=15)PHealthy control (n=20)PSerum CD163 % binding (mean+SD)26,7±17,622,8±18,80,5422,06±9,60,317,03±15,60,4Serum CD163 positivity n (%)%75%500,2%730,9%400,05Urine CD163 % binding (mean+SD)3,9±2,42,6±0,040,022,5±0,10,0232,6±0,50,03Urine CD163 positivity n (%)%90%400,007%330,001%12<0,001LN lupus nephritis, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, SD standard deviation

Background Galectin-9, interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and sialoadhesin (SIGLEC-1) are proteins associated with interferon signature, and considered as potential biomarkers reflecting disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objectives In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of serum and urine levels of galectin-9, IP-10 and SIGLEC-1 with disease activity in patients with SLE. Methods Sixty-three patients with active SLE (31 renal and 32 extrarenal) were included in the study. Thirty inactive patients with SLE (15 renal and 15 extrarenal) and 32 healthy volunteers were selected as control groups. Serum (s) and urine (u) levels of galectin-9, IP-10 and SIGLEC-1 were tested using ELISA. Urine levels of biomarkers were normalized by urine creatinine. Results Groups were comparable with regard to sex and age distribution. Of 125 participants, 102 (81.6%) were female and median age was 33 (28-44.5) years. Proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) (class III/III+V and IV/IV+V) were found in 22 patients with active renal SLE (70.9%), while 6 patients (19.3%) had pure class V and 3 (9.7%) had class II LN. Levels of sIP-10, uIP-10, sGalectin-9 and uSIGLEC-1 were significantly higher in the active SLE group compared to the inactive SLE group (sIP-10 p=0.046, uIP-10 p<0.001, sGalectin-9 p=0.031 and uSIGLEC-1 p=0.006); however, no differences were detected in the comparison of uGalectin-9 and sSIGLEC-1 between the groups (uGalectin-9 p=0.180 and sSIGLEC-1 p=0.699) (Table 1). Serum and urine levels of galectin-9, IP-10 and SIGLEC-1 did not differ between patients with active renal and extrarenal SLE. Levels of sIP-10, uIP-10 and uSIGLEC-1 were correlated with SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Serum and urine levels of all biomarkers were re-tested in 41 of 63 patients (65%) with active SLE after a median treatment of 8 (5-22.5) months. At the time of the second tests, there was a significant decrease in disease activity as measured by SLEDAI [2 (0-4)] compared to the time of the first tests [10 (6-15.5)]. Comparison of sGalectin-9 levels between the serum at the time of active disease and remission showed a very significant decline (p<0.001) as shown in Figure 1. uGalectin-9, sIP-10 and uSIGLEC-1 also decreased after treatment; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Table 1. Serum and urine levels of biomarkers across study groups. Biomarker Active SLE(n=63) Inactive SLE(n=30) Healthy Control(n=32) sGalectin-9 (ng/ml) 11.73 (7.52-14.15) 8.66 (7.51-10.02) 5.61 (4.56-6.6) sIP-10 (pg/ml) 279.4 (147.5-430.3) 173.4 (142.2-247.9) 74.3 (58.8-103) sSIGLEC-1 (pg/ml) 181.2 (157.8-213.9) 182.5 (169.9-203.1) 258.3 (179-602) uGalectin-9 (ng/ml) 8.83 (4.07-18.11) 11.54 (7.03-15.07) 10.63 (5.55-17.4) uIP-10 (pg/ml) 34.4 (15.9-73,9) 20.8 (9.9-53.3) 12.2 (1.8-25.7) uSIGLEC-1 (pg/ml) 321 (236.3-370.9) 297.6 (247.7-371) 290 (205.1-323.5) uGalectin-9 (ng/mgCre) 15.50 (9.60-32.05) 11.41 (8.78-19.54) 13.57 (11.27-22.08) uIP-10 (pg/mgCre) 73.4 (40.9-136.9) 26.1 (18.1-55.1) 16.4 (5-32.5) uSIGLEC-1 (pg/mgCre) 619.6 (389.4-1056.5) 393.2 (248.6-715.8) 425.6 (264.7-925.9) Figure 1. Serum levels of galectin-9 before and after the treatment in 41 patients with active SLE. Conclusion sIP-10, uIP-10, sGalectin-9 and uSIGLEC-1 are associated with disease activity in SLE. None is able to discriminate active renal from active extrarenal disease. sGalectin-9 may be a valuable biomarker to monitor response after treatment for active disease (Funded by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University. Project number: TSA-2019-34218). Disclosure of Interests None declared

BACKGROUND:Although members of the SDR gene family (short chain dehydrogenase) are distributed in kingdom of life, they have diverse roles in stress tolerance mechanism or secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Nevertheless, their precise roles in gene expression or regulation under stress are yet to be understood.METHODS:As a case study, we isolated, sequenced and functionally characterized the 3β-HSD promoter from Digitalis ferruginea subsp. ferruginea in Arabidopsis thaliana.RESULTS:The promoter fragment contained light and stress response elements such as Box-4, G-Box, TCT-motif, LAMP element, ABRE, ARE, WUN-motif, MYB, MYC, W box, STRE and Box S. The functional analysis of the 3β-HSD promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings showed that the promoter was expressed in cotyledon and root elongation zone in 2 days' seedlings. However, this expression was extended to hypocotyl and complete root in 6 days' seedlings. In 20 days-old seedlings, promoter expression was distributed to the whole seedling including hydathodes aperture, vascular bundle, shoot apical meristem, trichomes, midrib, leaf primordia, hypocotyl and xylem tissues. Further, expression of the promoter was enhanced or remained stable under the different abiotic stress conditions like osmotic, heat, cold, cadmium or low pH. In addition, the promoter also showed response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application. The expression could not be induced in wounded cotyledon most likely due to lack of interacting elements in the promoter fragment.CONCLUSIONS:Taken together, the 3β-HSD promoter could be a candidate for the development of transgenic plants especially under changing environmental conditions.

Lycium barbarum ( Solanaceae ), commonly known as Goji (or wolfberry), is popular for its nutritive and medicinal properties and is called a “super fruit” or “super food”. Considering the importance of the economic utility, the potential of different explants (hypocotyl, leaf and root) of L. barbarum for plant regeneration and somatic embryogenesis has been evaluated in the present study. Two sets of experiments were carried out; the first compared Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4- D ), N 6 -benzylaminopurine, thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin, and zeatin alone, while the second set tested the combinations of TDZ with 2,4-D to induce callus and subsequent shoot or embryo formation, respectively. For callus and subsequent shoot induction (for the first set of the experiment), 2,4-D was the most effective for callus induction (100%), while TDZ at 1 mg/L produced a mean of 5 shoots per callus. For the second set of experiment spontaneous induction of somatic embryos as well as subsequent maximum shoot regeneration was recorded in 0.25 mg/L 2,4-D+ 1 mg/L TDZ supplemented MS medium. Hypocotyl explant proved to be the most responsive organ that induced as many as 6 somatic embryos and subsequent 9 regenerated shoots per callus. Later, the plantlets were successfully acclimatized (100%) and finally transferred to the greenhouse. Total phenolic content was measured from shoot, brown callus and white callus of L. barbarum L. grown in MS medium supplemented with auxin alone (for callus) and auxin-cytokinin (for shoots). The highest amount of total phenolic content (640 mg GAE/g DW) was obtained in the shoot. The described protocol provides a simple way to regenerate plants through direct and indirect organogenesis as well as somatic embryogenesis, which would be useful for mass propagation, large-scale production of secondary metabolites, germplasm conservation, and genetic transformation studies in this medicinally important species.

The genus Brassica (family Brassicaceae) includes nutritionally and economically important species such as Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea. Many varieties of B. oleracea are available in various morphological forms including nutritive vegetables such as cauliflower (var. botrytis), Brussels sprouts (var. gemmifera), kales and collards (var. acephala), kohlrabi (var. gongylodes), cabbage (var. capitata), and broccoli (var. italica). Objective of the present study was to sequence chloroplast genomes of two cultivars of broccoli: Marathon and Green sprout. The sequencing was done by next generation sequencing. The analysis was performed using Velvet, Geneious, GeSeq, tRNAscan-SE, ARAGORN, OrganellarGenomeDRAW, IRscope and REPuter. The genomes of both cultivars showed highly similar quadripartite structure of 153,365 bp. The LSC (83,136 bp) and SSC (17,835 bp) regions were separated by a pair of IR (26,197 bp) region. In total, 114 unique genes were present in both species, including 80 protein-coding, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes, while 18 genes were duplicated in IRs. The highest amino acid encoding frequency was found for Leucine whereas cysteine was the least encoding amino acid. The codon usage analyses confirmed high encoding efficacy of codons that ended at 3'-end with A/T. Repeat analyses of these genomes revealed 415 microsatellites and 36 oligonucleotide repeats. Microsatellites motifs were mostly comprised of A/T instead of C/G. The comparative analyses confirmed the presence of 17 substitutions between both cultivars. Overall, this study will increase knowledge about the chloroplast genomes of broccoli and will provide a resource for chloroplast genetic engineering of this important edible plant.