A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted △ A B C {\displaystyle \triangle ABC} .In Euclidean geometry, any three points, when non-collinear, determine a unique triangle and simultaneously, a unique plane (i.e. a two-dimensional Euclidean space). In other words, there is only one plane that contains that triangle, and every triangle is contained in some plane. If the entire geometry is only the Euclidean plane, there is only one plane and all triangles are contained in it; however, in higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces, this is no longer true. This article is about triangles in Euclidean geometry, and in particular, the Euclidean plane, except where otherwise noted.e.e.e.e........
The 18th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (18th WRIB) took place in San Antonio, TX, USA on May 6-10, 2024. Over 1100 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 18th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week to allow an exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis of biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines.Moreover, in-depth workshops on "IVDR Implementation in EU & Changes for LDT in the US" and on "Harmonization of Vaccine Clinical Assays Validation" were the special features of the 18th edition.As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and Regulatory Agencies experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues.This 2024 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2024 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons.This publication (Part 3) covers in the Part 3A the recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity and in Part 3B the Regulatory Inputs on these topics. Part 1 (Mass Spectrometry Assays and Regulated Bioanalysis/BMV) and Part 2 (Biomarkers/BAV, IVD/CDx, LBA and Cell-Based Assays) are published in volume 17 of Bioanalysis, issues 4 and 5 (2025), respectively.
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex brain disease with high morbidity, mortality, and limited treatment options, causing significant societal burden. Minocycline, well known for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, could potentially treat AUD but its antimicrobial activity would be inessential, and even a liability, for long-term treatment in AUD patients. 10-Butyl Ether Minocycline (BEM) was synthesized to retain minocycline's off-target actions and eliminate antimicrobial properties. We hypothesized that BEM would reduce high ethanol consumption in common murine models of binge drinking without affecting ethanol elimination. The Drinking-In-the-Dark (DID) paradigm was used to assess BEM's efficacy in reducing binge-like ethanol consumption. BEM dose-responsively reduced ethanol consumption in both female and male mice. Ethanol elimination following administration of both BEM and ethanol was evaluated using gas chromatography. BEM had no effect on ethanol metabolism in either sex, suggesting that its mechanism is independent and, thus, should not exacerbate ethanol-related toxicity when the two are taken together. Previous findings showed BEM effectively reduced chronic ethanol consumption. Future studies are underway to evaluate BEM's potential as an AUD treatment, which so far have shown BEM to be safer than minocycline and inexpensive to produce.
Le texte interroge les conditions actuelles de la recherche en sciences sociales, marquées par un renforcement des contraintes juridiques, politiques et administratives. La liberté académique est fragilisée par trois logiques : la tournure autoritaire de certaines démocraties, la multiplication des procédures-bâillons visant des chercheur·es, et le durcissement du cadre légal de la protection des données (Loi informatique et libertés, RGPD). Ces évolutions alimentent la bureaucratisation et la judiciarisation du travail scientifique. L’anonymisation, au cœur de ce numéro de Regards sociologiques, est abordée sous ses dimensions juridique, empirique et épistémologique. Si elle protège les personnes enquêtées et parfois les enquêteurs eux-mêmes, elle peut aussi appauvrir la connaissance et limiter la liberté d’analyse. Les règles en vigueur, en imposant une gestion administrative des risques, transforment les pratiques d’enquête et soumettent les chercheur·es à des normes en partie extérieures à leur métier. Les articles rassemblés ici explorent les dilemmes auxquels s’affrontent les chercheur·es dans ce cadre.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 200 risk loci for breast cancer. However, target genes and their encoded proteins in these loci remain largely unknown. In this study, we utilized genetic prediction models for 1, 350 circulating proteins derived from individuals of African (n= 1, 871) and European (n= 7, 213) ancestry to investigate genetically predicted protein levels in association with breast cancer risk among females of African (n=40, 138), Asian (n= 137, 677), and European (n=247, 173) ancestry. We identified 70 blood protein biomarkers associated with breast cancer risk, overall or by subtypes, at a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05, including 37 proteins encoded by genes located at least 500kb away from any of the known risk loci identified in GWAS. Of the 33 proteins located at GWAS-identified risk loci, associations for 14 proteins were significantly attenuated after adjustment for the index risk variant of each respective locus, suggesting that these proteins may be target proteins for the risk loci. Encoding gene expression levels in normal breast tissue could be genetically predicted for 35 of the 70 identified proteins, and 17 encoding genes were associated with breast cancer risk in the same direction (P <0.05). Our study identified potential protein targets of GWAS risk loci and biomarkers for breast cancer risk and provided additional insights into breast cancer genetics and etiology. Guochong Jia, Jie Ping, Ran Tao, Jirong Long, Lili Liu, Shuai Xu, Stefan Ambs, Mollie E. Barnard, Yu Chen, Ji-Yeob Choi, Yu-Tang Gao, Montserrat Garcia-Closas, Jian Gu, Jennifer J. Hu, Motoki Iwasaki, Esther M. John, Sun-Seog Kweon, Koichi Matsuda, Keitaro Matsuo, Katherine L. Nathanson, Barbara Nemesure, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Tuya Pal, Sue K. Park, Boyoung Park, Michael F. Press, Maureen Sanderson, Dale P. Sandler, Song Yao, Ying Zheng, Prisca O. Adejumo, Thomas Ahearn, Abenaa M. Brewster, Anselm J. Hennis, Hidemi Ito, Michiaki Kubo, Eun-Sook Lee, Siew-Kee Low, Timothy Makumbi, Paul Ndom, Dong-Young Noh, Katie M. O'Brien, Andrew F. Olshan, Mojisola M. Oluwasanu, Min-Ho Park, Sonya Reid, Taiki Yamaji, Gary Zirpoli, Ebonee N. Butler, Wei Zheng. Integrating multi-ancestry genomic and proteomic data to identify blood risk biomarkers and target proteins for breast cancer genetic risk loci [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 2286.
Thyroid cancer is diagnosed at relatively young ages compared to other adult cancers, for reasons that remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate associations of in-utero and newborn characteristics with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) incidence in adult women. From the U.S. nationwide Sister Study cohort, we included 47,913 cancer-free women at baseline (2003–2009). We assessed associations of participants’ in-utero and newborn characteristics and DTC during follow-up using Cox regression models adjusted for attained age (timescale) and race/ethnicity. During follow-up (median = 13.1 years), 239 incident DTC cases were identified. Higher DTC incidence was associated with maternal pre-pregnancy or gestational diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.36, 95%CI = 0.97–5.74, 5 affected cases), gestational hypertension or hypertension-related disorders (HR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.20–3.32, 16 affected cases), and higher birth weight (HR per kg=1.24, 95%CI = 0.95–1.60). Births occurring at least two weeks before the due date were associated with lower DTC incidence (HR = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.23–0.97, 8 affected cases). In a model simultaneously adjusted for all these factors, all exposures remained associated with DTC incidence. We observed no associations for other in-utero and newborn characteristics. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that in-utero exposures related to maternal metabolic abnormalities may influence thyroid cancer risk later in life.
