Abstract Among Madagascar primates, the sportive lemurs (family Lepilemuridae) have seen their species diversity increase from eight in 2005 to 26 in 2009 mostly by applying the phylogenetic species concept to DNA barcode data. Despite the genus being speciose, only one case of sympatry is known from northern Madagascar, where two sportive lemur species described based on low mtDNA divergence, Lepilemur ankaranensis and Lepilemur milanoii , were found to co-occur at the center of their joint distribution range. Here, to clarify the taxonomy of these two species and examine their sympatry, we apply an integrative taxonomic framework to genomic and morphological data from 84 individuals of L. ankaranensis and L. milanoii , encompassing their entire distribution range and the forest of Analafiana, beyond their southernmost limit. Using clustering, multivariate, and isolation by distance analyses, we find no evidence of a sympatric zone and show that despite clear genetic differentiation between regions, the genomic and morphological diversity of the L. ankaranensis - L. milanoii - Analafiana group is clinal and explained by geographic distance. These results clarify that L. milanoii is a junior synonym of L. ankaranensis and that the Analafiana forest population belongs to L. ankaranensis , extending its distribution. It further implies that the “sympatric” zone—the Andrafiamena forest—hosts conspecific individuals with slightly differentiated mtDNA backgrounds, rather than slightly differentiated sympatric species. Lastly, we re-evaluate the IUCN conservation metrics of L. ankaranensis , which continue to qualify as Endangered (EN) under the B1ab(i-v) criteria.
Dual-rotor tidal turbines have demonstrated performance advantages over single-rotor systems; however, their optimization remains challenging due to the increased number of design variables and interactions. Existing studies often present inconsistent findings, largely constrained to specific turbine configurations, which limits their general applicability. This study addresses the need for a more unified framework by investigating the influence of axial spacing between the two rotors based on axial momentum theory. To evaluate the applicability of the simplified theoretical approach in practical settings, a numerical analysis was conducted using ANSYS-based simulations of a counter-rotating marine current turbine model. A key assumption in previous theoretical models that the pressure at the inlet of the downstream rotor equals ambient pressure is examined to see if it is necessary and how it affects the turbine's performance. The simulation results are in full agreement with the theoretical predictions. The results show that the optimal power coefficient does not necessarily occur at large axial distances between the rotors. Instead, the results show that the power coefficient improves as the projected cross-sectional diameter of the rear rotor's flow tube at front rotor location (D1int) and axial induction ratio (e1/e2) approach 0.707D and 1/3, respectively, with peak performance observed near these values. These findings can support more efficient optimization of dual-rotor systems.
Sea turtles have inhabited our oceans for hundreds of millions of years, nesting a crucial role in balancing biodiversity and maintaining healthy, functioning ecosystems. Unfortunately, they have longer biological cycles between their feeding, breeding, and nesting areas on Earth. In the ocean, they are endangered species and threatened according to IUCN Red List with extinction by various human activities particularly through pollution, poaching, coastal development, and fishing activities such as incidental capture. This research work allows to know the green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting sites in Madagascar northeastern coast. Their main nesting sites are located on various beaches of Nosy Ankao and Nosy Manampaho islets. These emblematic species are protected to preserve Madagascar northeastern coast marine ecosystems. Thus, conservation measures such as monitoring of nesting sites, raising awareness among local people, and regulating fishing are necessary to ensure the survival of these two species in the Loky-Manambato protected area. The magnificent creatures and their future generations are expected to be preserved in Madagascar northeastern coast in continuation of this study.
Resumo: O presente trabalho, oriundo da pesquisa exercida em projeto que objetivava a análise do sentido e alcance do conceito de consumidor na jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, visa distinguir os termos vulnerabilidade e hipossuficiência perante o Código Consumerista. Trata-se de uma pesquisa dogmática, de âmbito de discussão diretivo, que procura influenciar a conduta dos aplicadores do direito. E, por terem sido os dados coletados e examinados pelo pesquisador, é uma investigação substancialmente bibliográfica e documental, em que foi realizada revisão de obras que abordam a caracterização legal dos conceitos de consumidor e o seu uso no egrégio Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Entendendo serem todos os consumidores frágeis diante das relações que estabelecem no mercado, o Codex Consumerista prevê sua vulnerabilidade (art. 4º,I) e possível hipossuficiência (art. 6º,VIII). Porém, por serem hipossuficiência e vulnerabilidade termos importados de outros ramos do direito, são comuns os equívocos na fundamentação de raciocínios que envolvem o Código de Defesa do Consumidor quanto às suas funções estabelecidas em lei. Palavras Chaves: Hipossuficiência; Vulnerabilidade; Consumidor; Jurisprudência. Vulnerability and Hypo-Sufficiency in the systematics of the Consumer Defense Codex Abstract: This article, originated from a research project that aimed to analyze the meaning and scope of the concept of consumer in the jurisprudence of the Brazilian Superior Court, aims to distinguish the terms vulnerability and lack of assets before the Consumer's Code. It's a dogmatic research, with a directive scope, that looks to influence the practice of law. And since the data was collected and examined by the researcher, it's a substantially bibliographical and documental research, in which was carried the revision of works that approach the concept of consumer and its usage by the Superior Court. Understanding that all consumers are fragile on the relations that define the market, the Consumer's Codex predicts their vulnerability (article 4, I) and possible lack of assets (article 6, VIII). However, since vulnerability and lack of assets are terms introduced from other branches of law, the misconceptions in reasoning are common, when it comes to their legal objectives, established in the Consumer Defense Code. Keywords: lack of assets; vulnerability; consumer; jurisprudence
RESUMO: A proteção ao consumidor visa igualá-lo ao fornecedor. Pretendeu-se provar que a pessoa jurídica quando exposta aos contratos de adesão é consumidora já que a forma de contratação a torna vulnerável. Para tanto se utiliza o artigo 29 do Código de Defesa do Consumidor que equipara a consumidor todas as pessoas expostas às práticas comerciais (capítulos V) e contratuais (capítulo VI), estando, os contratos de adesão disciplinados neste último. Os contratos de adesão, por serem elaborados por apenas uma das partes e de a parte aderente não poder propor alterações as cláusulas essenciais e, ademais,por deterem geralmente conteúdo mais favorável ao proponente, deixam o aderente em situação de inferioridade e insegurança jurídica. O que se entende é que o“codex”, por extensão prevista por ele mesmo, deve ser aplicado aos contratos de adesão, para tutelar o aderente em desvantagem (art.4, I do CDC). E, neste contexto, quando uma pessoa jurídica se submete a um contrato de adesão, dispondo-se vulnerável, se equipara a consumidor. Palavras-chave: Código de defesa do consumidor. Vulnerabilidade. Consumidor equiparado. Pessoa jurídica. Contrato de adesão. VULNERABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITY IN CONTRACTS OF ADHESION AND APPLICATION OF THE CODE OF CONSUMER PROTECTION ABSTRACT: The consumer protection is intended to allow the supplier to match it. It was intended to prove that the person when exposed to legal contracts of adhesion is regarded as a consumer in the form of hiring makes it vulnerable. For that weuseArticle29 of the Consumer Protection Code that equates consumers all persons exposed to commercial practices (Chapter V) and contract (Chapter VI) and is non-negotiable contractsdisciplinedin the latter. Theadhesion contracts, being produced by only one party and the party adherents cannot propose changes to the essential terms and, moreover, by holding generally favorable to the proponent, leave the stick at a disadvantage and legal uncertainty. What is meantis thatthe codex, by extensionprovidedby him, shall apply tocontracts of adhesion, to protectthe supplierat a disadvantage(art.4, ICDC). And in thiscontext, whenacorporationundergoesanadhesion contract, arrangingthemselves vulnerable, equates tothe consumer. keywords: code of consumer protection. Vulnerability. Consumer treated. Corporations. Contract of adhesion.
