In this work, multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to analyse and optimise alkaline water electrolysis cells. A quantitative methodology is proposed to compare different cell geometries through the introduction of a representative parameter that captures the efficiency and uniformity of gas removal as a function of current density. Cell configurations that limit gas accumulation while at the same time promoting homogeneous gas evacuation are identified. The influence of the positioning of gas outlet channels is first investigated, as it plays a crucial role in efficient bubble removal. Our results show that these outlet locations strongly affect multiphase transport. In addition, the impact of the porous transport layer (PTL) is examined. The simulations indicate that more open structures, such as knitted mesh-type spacers, promote more balanced gas outflows compared to highly porous foam structures within the configurations considered. These results highlight the importance of adapting electrolyser cell design to the characteristics of the type of PTL used. In this respect, this paper also provides guidelines for a more optimal integration of advanced PTL into prototype alkaline water electrolysis cells.
I use registry data and an original survey with geocoded respondent addresses to investigate how neighborhood immigration influences perceptions and preferences for redistribution in Barcelona. Natives exposed to more African and Asian migrants in their neighborhoods perceive higher immigration rates in the country and in their neighborhood. Plausibly exogenous exposure to recent migrant inflows from these same origins reduces natives’ demand for redistribution and increases their support for the extreme right party when inflows are sizable. Genetic distance between natives and immigrants helps explain perceptions, while income and religious distance appear to matter more for preferences. The results highlight the interplay between neighborhoods, perceptions, and preferences.
Marine conservation has become a global priority, with the United Nations recently pledging to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030 through the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). Local support is critical to the success of MPAs, yet few studies have quantitatively assessed which MPA design features are most acceptable to local communities. Accounting for community preferences could, in turn, promote compliance with applicable rules. Despite their vital roles in seafood value chains and their contribution to positive conservation outcomes, women's perspectives in particular remain underexplored. This study uses a discrete choice experiment (DCE) among 424 fishers and seafood collectors in Senegal to examine local community acceptance of MPAs. In particular, we focus on gendered differences in preferences and mechanisms that could potentially enhance compliance. Overall, MPAs received broad support, but long-term fishery closures were widely opposed. Gender significantly shaped preferences for specific MPA design features, primarily due to different patterns in marine space and resource uses. As potential deterrents to non-compliance, men placed greater importance than women on increased community participation in surveillance activities. Regarding sanctions, women favoured temporary penalties, like daily catch or monthly gear confiscations, over monetary fines, while men only strongly opposed permanent gear confiscation. For compensatory infrastructure, women supported all options equally, while men preferred cold storage rooms and processing facilities over fish markets. Our findings reemphasise that incorporating women's perspectives into marine resource governance and management is not only a matter of equity but essential to designing effective and widely supported MPAs.
Despite invasive methods are the gold standard for intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement, several non-invasive techniques (nICP) have been proposed as surrogate, although their use remains insufficiently recognized in clinical practice. These include transcranial Doppler blood flow velocity assessment (arterial or venous), optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), automated pupillometry, measurement of skull expansion and compliance, brain imaging, double-depth ophthalmic artery blood flow velocity, and ultrasound time-of-flight. The main limitations of all indirect methods are calibration and zeroing, which constrain the absolute accuracy of non-invasive ICP monitoring. For transcranial Doppler-based methods, the 95
The identification and management of cardiogenic shock remain significant clinical challenges, as evidenced by persistently high mortality rates and the absence of standardized therapeutic strategies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of ongoing clinical trials in the treatment of cardiogenic shock, organized into three principal approaches aimed at improving patient outcomes: novel pharmacological therapies, optimized use of mechanical circulatory support, and advanced hemodynamic monitoring strategies. By synthesizing the available evidence, we highlight current research directions and discuss how emerging data may inform future clinical practice.
