It was founded in 1942 as a Higher Technical School following a decree issued on June 6, 1941 by the Bulgarian Tsar Boris III. In 1945 it was transformed into a State Polytechnic. In 1953 the Polytechnic was divided into several institutes one of them being the Institute of Civil Engineering. Since 1977 the institute is renamed Higher Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering (HIACE). In 1990 by a decision of its General Assembly the Institute was renamed University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy (UACEG), the official accreditation being voted by the Parliament on 21 July 1995. On 15.11.2001 received institutional accreditation..
This paper revisits the Lambert conformal conic (LCC) projection and rederives its equations using a new notation, V, defined as the reciprocal of the commonly used U, which simplifies the expressions. Based on the resulting distortion formulas, conditions determining whether the projection has two, one, or no standard parallels are obtained. An optimal LCC configuration is defined by requiring equal local linear scale factors at the bounding parallels and symmetric maximum and minimum distortions about unity. Applied to the territory of Bulgaria (φS ≈ 41°14′, φN ≈ 44°13′), this criterion yields optimized standard parallels at φ1 ≈ 41°40′ and φ2 ≈ 43°47′. The corresponding local linear scale factors range from ca. 0.999832 to 1.000168, i.e., symmetric distortions of approximately ±1.7 × 10−4. Compared with existing implementations such as BGS2000 and BGS2005, the proposed configuration slightly reduces the distortion range and provides a more balanced distribution of scale over the country.
Abstract The process of digitizing the construction sector and the need for effective building stock management call for transformations in the traditional approach to technical documentation. This study proposes a concept for a digital building logbook, integrated with a cadastral map based on publicly available data from the Sofia City Cadastre. This integration enables the extraction of key building attributes such as identifier, purpose, built-up area, year of construction, and more. The connection between the logbook and the cadastral map is established through a unique building identifier. To ensure data validity, the system incorporates logical validation rules that compare the entered information with cadastral data and current regulatory requirements. These rules are implemented in a machine-readable format. With each edit, the platform stores metadata, including author information and a timestamp, ensuring full traceability of changes. The system automatically generates alerts when discrepancies arise between user-entered data and cadastral or regulatory information. This comprehensive traceability significantly reduces the risk of human error. A functional prototype of the platform has been developed and is undergoing active refinement. The integrated framework combines static cadastral data with dynamic engineering content to support administrative workflows, design processes, and building stock oversight. The adoption of machine-readable rules, metadata tracking, and cadastral integration within a unified digital environment presents an innovative solution, not yet systematically applied in the Bulgarian context, aimed at improving the transparency, accuracy, and standardization of building documentation.
When situating low-rise residential buildings, most often single-family and two-family houses, on sloping terrain, special attention should be paid to the interaction of the building with its surrounding environment and direct contact with the terrain. This gives rise to various spatial characteristics, as well as specific zoning and layouts. It is precisely these characteristics that should be considered and basic solutions and approaches proposed.
This study examines the requirements and recommendations of the European Assessment Document EAD 040083-00-0404 concerning the wind load resistance of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS). Particular emphasis is placed on pull-through resistance under wind action. The analysis identifies practical issues and challenges observed during specimen testing in accordance with the referenced document. Although not explicitly addressed in the standards, these issues arise during experimental implementation and may significantly influence the reliability of the test results. The identified challenges are analysed in relation to both the pull-through resistance of the thermal insulation layer and the performance of mechanical fixings (insulation anchors). Based on experimental investigation and subsequent analysis, specific technical solutions are proposed. The study identifies the most technically appropriate approach for testing insulation anchors in ETICS and provides recommendations for future research and methodological improvements.
Over the past two decades, the number of extreme climate disasters has increased by 83
