The University of Bamako (French: Université de Bamako) was the flagship public university in Bamako, the capital of Mali between 1996 and 2011. It was also known as the University of Mali. University was legally established in 1993 by the merger of existing institutions of higher learning while it became operational in 1996.The University of Bamako, whose enrollment reached 80,000 students in 2010-2011, was replaced by 4 new independent universities: the University of Social Sciences and Management of Bamako (USSGB), the University of Letters and Human Sciences of Bamako (ULSHB), the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) and the University of Legal and Political Sciences of Bamako (USJPB) as well as the new school called École Normale d'Enseignement Technique et Professional..
The Mali conflict that erupted in 2012 has developed simultaneously with the advancement of new information and communication technologies (ICTs). In this article, we research how digital communication (i.e. mobile phones and smartphones) and the conflict dynamics co-constitute each other. We analyse ethnographic data gathered during the conflict, from both off- and online sources, and view these data through the lens of 'digital participatory warfare' and as a 'transformational condition of life'. On the individual, community, association, and state levels, ICTs transmit information about the conflict, create propaganda, and help organize actions. The effect of this digital participation in war is not direct and depends on social and political contexts. At the same time, there is a direct relation between the use of digital communication and the pushing of polarized religious and ethnic choices that foster feuds and violence. Simultaneously, however, digital participation also leads to networks of care.
Mali faces challenges in balancing electricity affordability, reliability, and decarbonization. This study evaluates grid-connected photovoltaic (PV), battery, and fuel-cell (FC) hybrid systems for sustainable electrification in Taoussa, Mali. Three configurations, PV/FC, PV/battery, and PV/battery/FC, are optimized under loss of load probability constraints of 1%, 3%, and 5%. A MATLAB-based hourly simulation is coupled with Pattern Search, Genetic Algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to minimize levelized cost of energy (LCOE) while satisfying reliability and sizing constraints. PSO gives the best convergence and lowest costs. The grid-connected PV/battery system achieves the lowest LCOE, ranging from 0.119 to 0.120 USD/kWh, while PV/battery/FC reaches 0.134 to 0.141 USD/kWh. For PV/battery/FC at LLP <= 1%, the system delivers 224.32 GWh/year with 1.88% unmet load, 90.10% excess-energy utilization, and 59.89 kt CO 2 reduction. Results confirm that batteries support short-term balancing, while hydrogen enables seasonal energy shifting.
Dans les régions de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Nord, les migrations des enfants et jeunes adultes constituent un phénomène majeur encore largement sous-étudié. Plus de cinq millions des moins de 25 ans seraient en mobilité, représentant environ 35 % de l’ensemble des personnes migrantes dans ces régions (Helvetas 2021). Contrairement aux représentations dominantes centrées sur les migrations vers l’Europe, la majorité des mobilités ont lieu au sein de pays frontaliers ou à l’intérieur des régions. En 2022, Helvetas et Terre des Hommes Lausanne ont lancé, en partenariat avec d’autres organisations, un programme intitulé « Enfants et jeunes adultes sur les routes migratoires d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Nord » (le Projet) pour renforcer les dispositifs d’inclusion à l’égard des enfants et jeunes en mobilité (EJM) de 0 à 24 ans inclus et leurs proches. Il a pour objectif de consolider les mesures de protection, d’éducation et de participation déjà existantes ou émergeantes. Dans cet ordre d’idées, le Projet adopte délibérément une approche systémique prenant en compte le contexte migratoire avec sa multitude de trajectoires, profils et besoins des EJM, et partant du cadre institutionnel et des acteurs impliqués.
Iron is essential for both humans and pathogens, yet its genetic regulation remains understudied in African populations. Here, we report genome-wide association studies of six iron-related biomarkers in 3928 children from five sites across Africa, with replication in 2868 African American adults and investigate associations with severe malaria and bacteremia. We identify previously unreported loci at genome-wide significance, for transferrin at GTF3C5, and for hepcidin at CHCHD7/SDR16C5. Variants tagging the DUP4 haplotype, encoding the Dantu blood group (rs552439837) are associated with soluble transferrin receptor levels. Variants at GTF3C5 (rs2905094) and DUP4 confer protection against severe malaria and bacteremia. The CHCHD7/SDR16C5 variant (rs73596248) increases hepcidin levels and is associated with reduced risk of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Polygenic risk scores derived from European data show limited transferability to African populations. In this work, we demonstrate new genetic insights into iron regulation and highlight iron's role in host-pathogen interactions.
The paper develops the theory of quandle algebras. We show that over integral domains of characteristic other than 2, quandle algebras of ordered commutative quandles have no nontrivial idempotents. We also compute the automorphism groups of quandle algebras of trivial quandles and dihedral quandles of odd orders over arbitrary commutative rings, with partial results for dihedral quandles of even orders. Finally, a computer search provides the first examples of quandle algebras of commutator width 2.
