The University of Duhok (UoD) is public university located in Duhok, Kurdistan.The University describes itself as playing a vital role in developing the community by instigating socioeconomic, cultural, scientific as well as educational progress in the northern part of Iraq and saying that graduates from the University of Duhok currently contribute to the enhancement and capacity building in the public and private sectors of the Duhok Governorate. It claims to be the fast-growing institution in the city.The University of Duhok was founded on 31 October 1992, following a resolution by the Parliament of the Kurdistan Regional Government to address the increasing demand for higher education in the region. The first colleges to be established in the university were the College of Medicine and the College of Agriculture. Initially, the Medical College had 48 students while the College of Agriculture had 166. During the first two years, the two embargoes imposed by the UN on Iraq and by the Iraqi Central Government on Kurdistan contributed to the slow-paced growth of the University and the poor economic conditions in Kurdistan. After these hardships had passed, the university found itself in a position to steer towards advancement and fresh growth. Today, the UoD has 18 colleges with 76 Departments, more than 19615 undergraduate students and 655 postgraduate students.The UoD provides facilities such as laboratories, libraries, computing services, sports facilities, housing accommodations and extra-curricular activities to all registered students.The University of Duhok is a member of International Association of Universities (IAU), European Association for International Education (EAIE)], and Association of Arab Universities (AARU)..
Social media detoxification has emerged as a strategy for enhancing well-being. This study investigates the effects of social media detox on the psychological well-being and academic performance of students. A total of 361 medical students participated in this study. After obtaining formal consent, the participants completed a structured survey administered in a controlled setting. The survey included sections on demographics, patterns of social media use (e.g., time spent, platforms accessed, and primary motivations), and standardized psychological assessment scales. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Most students (75.9%) reported using multiple social media platforms, with 36% spending two to four hours daily on these platforms. A substantial proportion (38.2%) exhibited signs of addiction, and nearly half (49.9%) perceived social media as having a negative impact on their mental health. Students in the detox group reported significantly improved sleep quality, reduced anxiety and stress, and enhanced academic performance (p<0.001). Furthermore, most students in the detox group (n = 188, 71.21%) expressed an intention to participate in future detox periods. Strong positive correlations were observed between detox practice and its duration (cc = 0.668), sleep quality (cc = 0.580), perceived improved stress (cc = 0.736), overall mental health (cc = 0.593), and academic performance (cc = 0.766), all with p-values <0.001. Collectively, these findings indicate that temporary abstinence from social media is associated with significant improvements in the well-being of students. The results underscore social media detoxification as a promising approach to support mental health and academic success among students.
The development of sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent materials with high removal efficiency is critical for advanced wastewater treatment; therefore, in this study, two novel pyrene-based semi-interpenetrating polymer hydrogels (H1 and H2) were synthesized as efficient adsorbents for the removal of the toxic Brilliant Green (BG) dye from aqueous solutions. Specifically, the hydrogels were prepared via an oxidation–reduction polymerization route, where hydrogel H1 was synthesized using acrylamide, glycol methacrylate, and N-propan-2-ylprop-2-enamide, while hydrogel H2 was obtained by incorporating PePnUMA-co-AMPS into the same monomeric system. Subsequently, batch adsorption experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of initial BG concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on adsorption performance. Notably, maximum adsorption efficiency was achieved at pH 7, where the positively charged BG molecules strongly interacted with the functional groups on the hydrogel surfaces; consequently, effective dye removal was achieved under ambient conditions and near-neutral pH without pre-treatment, thereby highlighting the practical applicability of the developed materials. Under optimized conditions (25 mg adsorbent, 400 mg/L BG dye solution, pH 7, 60 min contact time, 25 °C), the BG dye adsorption capacities (qe) of H1 and H2 hydrogels reached 635.40 and 618.07 mg g−1, with corresponding removal efficiencies (
Herein, we study the exact soliton solution of the conformable cubic-quintic nonlinear non-paraxial pulse propagation equation for ultrashort pulse dynamics in the nonlinear optical world. While a considerable amount of research has focused on integer-order nonlinear models, relatively little has been done on solutions containing conformable fractional derivatives that have the potential to accurately represent dissipative optical systems. The main goal here is to compute complete families of exact traveling wave solutions from the generalized exponential rational function method (GERFM), and to study their stability. Using GERFM with specialized auxiliary function parameters, we effectively identify eight unique solution families covering various soliton structures expressed via hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. This results in various wave propagation behaviors that are validated in graphical representations in either a two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) framework. Specifically, variations in the conformable derivative order parameter τ exert a strong influence on soliton amplitude, width, and propagation velocity, demonstrating the superior capability of the conformable framework to model realistic dissipative effects compared to classical models. The gain spectrum characterization of steady-state solutions confirms the stability regions by analysis of their modulation instability. These are direct applications for generating dispersion-managed optical fiber communication systems, ultrafast laser pulse engineering, and nonlinear photonic devices. The originality of this work is that it applies GERFM in a complete manner with existing techniques on the conformable non-paraxial model, and provides a broad solution repository not encountered in the literature, promoting both theoretical and practical knowledge of nonlinear fiber optics.
This article investigates a (3+1) -dimensional Boussinesq-type equation (BTE) that models the propagation of small-amplitude dispersive waves in shallow water. The equation is of great physical significance due to its relevance in diverse phenomena such as ocean wave dynamics, tsunami propagation, and coastal harbor behavior. By establishing the intrinsic relationship between the Bell polynomials and the Hirota D-operator, we construct the Hirota bilinear form of the equation in a systematic manner. Based on this bilinear framework, we derive and graphically illustrate various nonlinear wave structures, including one-, two-, and three-kink soliton solutions. Furthermore, a lump solution is obtained through a quadratic test function, and its strong localization characteristics are demonstrated through detailed graphical visualization. Two distinct families of lump-multi-kink interaction solutions are then derived by employing quadratic–exponential and quadratic–hyperbolic cosine test functions, respectively, revealing rich and complex wave interaction dynamics. Furthermore, the application of the Plücker relation leads to the Wronskian condition, demonstrating that the N-soliton solutions of the model can be represented through Wronskian determinants. Finally, by invoking the Riccati equation approach, we derive several new classes of soliton solutions expressed in hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational function forms, enriching the overall solution structure of the model.
Urban atmospheric dust is an important source of heavy metals, which can be a source of ecological and individual health hazards. This paper presents an overall evaluation of heavy metal pollution (Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn) in atmospheric dust in Duhok City, Iraq, which is a rapidly urbanizing area. We researched seasonal changes, pollution, ecological hazards, and human health implications. During the study year, the average concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mn were 181.93, 75.66, 718.87, and 389.63 mg kg−1, respectively. Zn was the most contaminated metal, with CF = 5.66 and Igeo = 1.24; then Cu (CF = 3.03); and Mn was lowly contaminated (CF = 0.39). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was 1.92, indicating total pollution, and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) was 31.40, indicating low ecological risk on an annual basis. Seasonal analysis showed that contamination and ecological risk indices were highest in winter. Although winter values increased markedly, the human-health risk assessment indicated that the current concentrations do not pose significant non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks to local residents. The stronger winter pollution pattern is likely related to the combined seasonal effects of increased urban emissions and less favorable atmospheric dispersion; however, these factors are interpreted as plausible explanations because no formal source-apportionment analysis was performed. These findings highlight the importance of season-specific monitoring and pollution-management strategies in Duhok City.
