University of Elbasan

Gradient-based optimizers are highly sensitive to design choices in their adaptive learning rate mechanisms. To address this limitation, we introduce POP, a meta-learned Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy that predicts adaptive learning rates for gradient descent, conditioned on the contextual information provided in the optimization trajectory. Our method introduces a novel RL reward formulation, a new function-scaling strategy for in-distribution generalization, and a novel prior that is used to sample millions of synthetic optimization problems. We evaluate POP on an established benchmark including 43 optimization functions of various complexity, where it significantly outperforms gradient-based methods. Our evaluation demonstrates strong generalization capabilities without task-specific tuning.

While environmentally sustainable practices have become widely integrated in organizations around the world, their implementation in Albanian companies is still in its early stages of adoption. This study aims to investigate the implementation initiatives and the relationship among environmental management systems in the Albanian hotel industry. Specifically, this study explored the relationship between environmental management accounting (EMA), green human resource management (GHRM) and green organizational behavior (GOB). In addition, the direct relationship between GHRM and GOB was investigated. To fulfill this objective a survey was conducted among 328 employees associated with the hotel industry, representing a core component of Albanian hospitality sector. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to examine the relationship between the specified constructs. The findings affirm the positive and direct impact of environmental management accounting (EMA) on both green human resource management (GHRM) and green organizational behavior (GOB) respectively. Additionally, the research confirms the direct and positive relationship between GHRM and GOB within Albanian hotel industry. This research provides an important groundwork for future explorations of environmental management systems within Albanian hospitality industry, where similar studies is limited.

Cultural heritage constitutes one of the most im portant assets for the sustainable development of tourism in Albania. Cultural heritage implies a common bond, our belonging to a community. It represents our connection with the past, present and future. In the digital age, official tourism websites and cultural portals constitute the main source of information for domestic and foreign visitors. However, a considerable number of these websites present significant shortcomings in the English language version, which directly affects the right of tourists to be informed accu rately and the perception of institutional profes sionalism. This study aims to analyze the quality of transla tions and content on websites that promote cul tural heritage in Albania, with a special focus on the city of Elbasan. The analysis includes linguis tic, legal and institutional aspects that affect ac cess to information and transparency towards the international public. The findings show that the lack of standardiza t

Aim: To map and summarise evidence on the role, benefits and challenges of telehealth in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) management, including assessment and intervention. Methods: This scoping review searched PubMed and Scopus for English-language studies published from 2015 to 2025; the search was last updated on 14 April 2026. Nine studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising randomised controlled trials and observational, mixed-methods, descriptive, pilot, and qualitative studies. Results: Available findings suggest that telehealth-based assessment may achieve high diagnostic concordance with in-person evaluation, and that telehealth-delivered interventions may yield similar outcomes in selected domains. Several studies reported high caregiver and clinician satisfaction. Key challenges included technological access barriers, variability in caregiver engagement, and concerns regarding reliability and equity in under-resourced settings. Conclusion: Telehealth may be a valuable complement to, rather than a replacement for, in-person care. Future primary studies should use rigorous designs and standardised outcome measures and should prioritise linguistically diverse and low-resource populations; future evidence syntheses should include formal risk-of-bias assessment.

Abstract This study examines the treatment of names of living beings in three major Albanian dictionaries (1954, 1980, and 2006) through a comparative diachronic lexical-semantic analysis based on systematically constructed tabulated data. The corpus comprises denominations of domestic animals, wild animals, birds, and fish, organized according to identical criteria to enable direct comparison across lexicographic sources. The analysis addresses both quantitative and semantic developments. The tabulated data indicate a gradual increase in the number of lexical units across all categories from 1954 to 2006, with the most pronounced growth observed in denominations of birds and domestic animals. At the semantic level, the findings reveal a clear developmental trajectory: a predominance of monosemy in the 1954 dictionary, a significant expansion of polysemy in the 1980 dictionary, and a tendency toward stabilization and consolidation of meanings in the 2006 dictionary. The study further identifies differentiated semantic patterns across categories. Birds and domestic animals demonstrate greater lexical enrichment and fluctuation, whereas fish and wild animals exhibit comparatively greater stability. Based on the tabulated data, the lexical field appears to be structurally organized into a paradigmatic core, an intermediate dynamic zone, and a peripheral zone. Overall, the findings suggest that the development of names of living beings in Albanian dictionaries reflects both internal semantic processes and evolving lexicographic principles, underscoring the dynamic and stratified nature of this lexical field.