University of Engineering & Technology, Rasul

State of Charge (SOC) estimation plays a crucial role in managing the performance and longevity of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Various estimation techniques, including various Kalman Filters (KF), have been employed for this purpose. The mathematical process and limits of different KF family algorithms are analysed. In this study, an impact of nonlinear KF parameters on SOC estimation accuracy for EV batteries is analyzed. Specifically, the performance of Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), and Particle Filter (PF) is examined. EKF is most preferred for SOC estimation whereas introducing sigma points in UKF is the basic difference between EKF and UKF. In comparison to EKF and UKF, PF is more flexible since it applies to nonlinear systems with non-Gaussian distributions. Utilising a sequence of noisy measurements, KF is a recursive method that approximates the state of a dynamic system. It requires accurate parameters such as process noise covariance (Q) and measurement noise covariance (R) to work effectively. In this work, the effect of these parameters on state of charge estimation using nonlinear KFs has been analysed under different settings of noise covariance matrices. Tuning these parameters is essential for optimizing the performance of the KF and ensuring accurate and reliable state estimation in real-world applications. To find parameter values that provide the best balance between accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency, the tuning process involves experimentation, simulation, and validation using real-world data. According to the results observed, the filter parameters such as three diagonal elements of Q are selected as 2e-8, 0.005, 0.003 and R as 2e-6. By evaluating the state estimation accuracy under different driving scenarios, robustness and sensitivity of filtering technique in estimating SOC for EV batteries has been studied. This analysis contributes to the optimization of SOC estimation algorithms, enhancing the reliability and efficiency of EV battery management systems.

Motivated by the need for controllable fast-light platforms in compact photonic systems, this work investigates surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-assisted superluminal group propagation in a four-level cesium atomic medium driven by Laguerre-Gaussian control fields. The aim is to examine how the beam waist and intensity of the structured control fields, together with plasmonic field confinement, modify absorption, dispersion, group index, and group velocity. Using a density-matrix formulation, the probe-field coherence is obtained, the optical susceptibility is calculated, and the group velocity is evaluated from the dispersion slope while the SPP contribution is included through the effective dielectric response. The results show that increasing the Laguerre-Gaussian beam waist broadens the spatial region of anomalous dispersion and negative group index, while SPP confinement strengthens the local atom-field interaction and enhances susceptibility modulation. The study demonstrates a tunable route for controlling localized superluminal group propagation without implying superluminal information transfer, with potential applications in optical switching, photonic signal processing, plasmonic sensing, and quantum optical devices.

The Fresnel light dragging effect has remained a subject of significant interest for over two centuries, describing the modification of light propagation in a moving medium. This effect is strongly influenced by the dispersive properties of the medium and is commonly manifested through the phase shift of transmitted light, which varies with the velocity of the medium. In this work, we investigate the phase shift induced by varying the velocity of a moving microcavity. Our results show that a phase shift of approximately 10 m rad is obtained at a velocity of 2 m/s, which increases to about 40 m rad as the velocity reaches 10 m/s. Additionally, the motion of the microcavity significantly affects the transmission of the probe field, leading to measurable perturbations that depend on the induced phase shift. Specifically, the perturbation increases from 0.004 at 2 m/s to 0.02 at 10 m/s. These findings demonstrate that increasing the velocity of the medium enhances the light dragging effect, resulting in a greater modification of light propagation compared to its behavior in a vacuum. This study provides valuable insight into the control of light-matter interaction in dynamic optical systems and its potential applications in advanced photonic technologies.

Consider a single server retrial queueing system with preemptive priority service and single working vacation in which two types of customers arrive in a Poisson process with arrival rates. (i) ordinary customers (ii) for high level Priority customers, we assumed that regular service times follows an exponential distribution with parameters 1 and 2. The retrial is introduced for low priority customers only. During working vacation the server serve’s the arriving customers with less service rates 3 and 4. An M/G/1 retrial G-queue with preemptive priority for primary customers models a single –server system where high- priority primary customers immediately interrupt regular service, while low-priority (or) blocked customers enter a retrial orbit and negative customers (“G-Customers”). The negative customer is arriving during the service time of any positive customer, will remove the positive customer from the service. If the interrupted customer is an ordinary customer, he will leave the system. As soon as the orbit becomes empty at the time of service completion, the server goes for a working vacation. The server works at a lower speed during a working vacation period. Using the supplementary variable technique, the steady –state probability generating a function of the system and its orbit are found some numerical examples are presented.

This study presents a comprehensive academic investigation into the role of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in promoting sustainability and operational efficiency within the design and construction of Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) systems. Adopting a mixed-method research approach, the study integrates a Delphi survey to assess both the extent of BIM adoption and its measurable influence on key sustainability indicators such as material waste, energy efficiency, cost control, and stakeholder collaboration. Empirical findings reveal that the implementation of BIM led to a 54% reduction in material waste and a 17% improvement in energy efficiency, underscoring its environmental benefits. Additionally, BIM usage was associated with a 20% decrease in rework, reflecting stronger interdisciplinary coordination and reduced design errors during project execution. The research also highlights enhanced stakeholder engagement facilitated by BIM, which contributed to improved project delivery and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, the study introduces a practical, context-specific BIM framework tailored for Pakistan’s construction industry, demonstrating its real-time applicability on active sites. The findings validate BIM as a critical enabler of sustainable construction practices by ensuring timely completion, reducing financial overruns, and optimizing overall project performance. The study concludes with a call for strategic investments in digital infrastructure, procedural improvements, and supportive government policies to address barriers to BIM implementation in developing countries.