Hadronic stars and strange quark stars could coexist within the so-called two-families scenario. In this respect, hadronic matter and strange quark matter correspond to two distinct equilibrium phases described by two different equations of state. We perform here the first detailed Bayesian analysis that makes use of astrophysical and laboratory data in order to constrain the equations of state adopted within the two-families scenario for hadronic and strange quark matter. In particular, in hadronic matter we consider the possible formation of hyperons and delta resonances (beside nucleons) within a class of non linear relativistic mean field models and in quark matter we consider the possible formation of a color-superconducting phase within a bag-like model. Results of the analysis indicate that, while at present both scenarios remain compatible with the data, the comparison of the Bayesian evidences shows a preference for the two-families scenario relative to our purely hadronic one-family baseline. Evaluating whether the data similarly favor the two-families scenario over a one-family model that includes hybrid stars is left to future work. The strength of this preference depends on the adopted dataset: it is moderate when only the most conservative astrophysical constraints are used, and becomes strong once the small-radius object PSR J0614-3329, the light and compact object HESS J1731-347, and the heavy-ion-collision flow data are included. Specifically, the two-families framework naturally relieves the tension between the intermediate-density softness of the equation of state required by small-radius objects, and the high-density stiffness needed to support massive pulsars. Ultimately, future detections of even more massive compact objects, very compact ordinary-mass objects, or precise measurements of two distinct masses with the same radius, would particularly strengthen the preference for two distinct compact-star families.
Hypercritical fallback accretion can advect the surface magnetic field of a newborn neutron star into the newly accreted outer layers. Before this material joins the solid crust and enters the Hall-Ohmic regime, part of it may remain hot, dense, and liquid. This short-lived fluid stage may support turbulent magnetic amplification. We test whether a small-scale dynamo (SSD) can be activated under thermodynamic conditions of the liquid post-hypercritical layer. We quantify the associated growth rates, amplification factors, and saturation levels, adopting a matter density rho(0) = 10(10) g cm(-3) and a temperature T-0 = 2 & times; 10(9) K. We perform six local 3D resistive MHD simulations with FLASH 4.7 in a (100 m)(3) periodic domain with externally forced subsonic turbulence. The reference model uses the Helmholtz equation of state (EOS) and neutrino cooling. Three runs with a 1283 mesh resolution vary the magnetic Reynolds number (R-m similar to 700-3700), two control runs isolate the effect of the EOS and neutrino cooling, and one 256(3) resolution run tests the robustness of the reference case. For R-m similar to 700-3700, the magnetic field grows exponentially from B-0 = 10(12) G and saturates at B-sat similar to 3-7 & times; 10(13) G within millisecond timescales. The saturated magnetic energy remains sub-equipartition, with a magnetic-to-kinetic energy ratio f(sat) = E-mag/E-kin approximate to 0.2-0.3, consistent with an SSD behavior at magnetic Prandtl number P-m similar to 1. The results of the 128(3) and 256(3) reference runs agree to within a few percent. Neutrino cooling does not affect the dynamics over the simulated time, and the choice of EOS changes the dynamo metrics only weakly in the subsonic regime explored here. These simulations show that a forced local SSD can operate efficiently in a liquid post-hypercritical accretion layer. Further simulations in a stratified, decaying post-fallback flow over the lifetime and energy reservoir of the inherited turbulence are needed for assessing the global model of magnetic reemergence and amplification.
Growing evidences reporting increasing diffusion and toxic effects of synthetic cathinones (SCs) within the recreational market of novel psychoactive substance (NPS) upstretched public health concerns. However, However, the pathophysiological responses underlying their toxicity remain poorly understood. In particular, despite its increasing circulation, data regarding 3-Chloromethcathinone (3-CMC) toxicological profile and pharmacological properties remains limited. To fill this gap, this in vivo study explored systemic effects of 3- CMC repeated exposures in mice, comparing sex differences. Male and female mice received i.p. injections of 3-CMC once weekly for five consecutive weeks (total of 35 days), with doses escalating from 0.1 to 1, 6, 10 and 30 mg center dot kg-1 in successive weeks (vehicle: 0.004 mL center dot g-1, i.p.), for a total of five injections (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5) with a 6-day period of washout between each consecutive injection, and were then assigned to blood/tissue analyses. Blood and urine biochemical parameters were measured, paralleled by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses on different target organs, i.e. liver, kidney and spleen. Our data demonstrated significant alterations in blood and urine biochemical parameters, accompanied by histopathological changes in all evaluated tissues, both in male and female animals, paralleled by enhanced cell death pathways activation. From a translational perspective, these preclinical findings provide crucial evidences concerning 3-CMC systemic toxicity, developing knowledge on potential health risks posed by this NPS. These data may also lead the way for further researches on CMC compounds and related toxidromes, aiding development of effective clinical strategies helping physicians in patients' management after exposure to SCs.
The 16th Acromegaly Consensus Conference in September 2024 updated recommendations on diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities. Since the 2020 acromegaly comorbidity management guideline was published, new evidence has emerged on novel and known comorbidities and new treatment approaches. Forty-three experts in the management of acromegaly reviewed the current literature and assessed changes in clinical practice standards and management. Current outcome goals were considered and updated, with a focus on the impact of current and emerging treatments of these comorbidities. Participants assessed factors that determine pharmacological choices, as well as use of specific agents in the management of the most relevant acromegaly comorbidities. We present consensus recommendations highlighting optimization of evidence-based acromegaly comorbidities management.
Coastal wetlands play a crucial role because of their wide range of ecosystem services, including coastal protection, carbon sequestration and biodiversity support. However, these environments are increasingly threatened by land reclamation, sea-level rise and sediment supply reductions, leading to widespread degradation. Managed realignment has emerged as a nature-based solution, allowing tidal processes to restore coastal wetland function. While extensively studied in natural settings, the evolution of restored intertidal flats remains poorly understood. This study examines sediment deposition, vertical accretion and morphological evolution in three human-induced intertidal flats across different tidal environments: Barbamarco Lagoon (microtidal, Italy), Perkpolder (macrotidal, The Netherlands) and Converse (hypertidal, Canada). The analyses followed the same procedure in all environments and were achieved through the use of sediment traps and digital elevation models, integrated with river and tidal records. Results indicate that during the early years of development, managed realignment sites experience rapid accretion in unusual locations of the intertidal flats (e.g. inside channels) and high erosion of artificial structures (e.g. creeks, inlets). This morphological instability influences sediment redistribution and intertidal flat evolution, potentially leading to self-cannibalisation, where erosion of the artificial structures feed the system itself. These findings highlight the importance of long-term monitoring to assess the sustainability of restored intertidal flats and improve predictions of their development. Future research should focus on how coastal wetland design influences long-term evolution and how sediment supply, tidal range and human interventions shape their resilience in the face of climate change.
