The global development discourse primarily emphasizes the vital role of international aid in post-conflict health systems and governance. Somalia’s post-conflict health recovery has relied heavily on multisectoral aid that saved lives but entrenched parallel systems. While the national budget rose from SOS 200 million (2015) to SOS 1.3 billion (2025), the Ministry of Health’s share remained ≤ 7
Textile wastewater contains a complex mixture of dyes, chemicals, heavy metals, and organic pollutants that pose severe environmental and public health risks. Numerous treatment strategies have been proposed; however, many conventional physical, chemical, and biological methods remain limited by high operational costs, incomplete pollutant removal, and the generation of toxic by-products. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of both traditional and emerging treatment technologies, while highlighting the gaps that continue to hinder sustainable wastewater management in the textile sector. Additionally, this paper contributes with an integrated assessment that combines technological performance, environmental implications, economic feasibility, and regulatory considerations. Furthermore, this work presents a bibliometric overview of global research trends from the past five years, revealing how innovation is shifting toward hybrid systems, nanotechnology-based solutions, and circular-economy practices. By identifying the strengths, limitations, and future potential of each treatment strategy, this review establishes a clear roadmap for advancing cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable solutions for textile wastewater treatment.
Introduction:sensitive disease surveillance is essential for global health security, yet fragile, conflict-affected settings like Somalia face critical human resource and capacity challenges. District and regional surveillance officers are frontline personnel whose competencies in epidemiology, outbreak investigation, and data analysis directly influence early detection, rapid response, and containment of public health threats. Methods:a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st to 30th April 2025 among all 90 active surveillance officers (72 District Surveillance Officers, 18 Regional Surveillance Officers) across Somalia's Federal Member States. A structured, self-administered questionnaire assessed demographic characteristics, training history (IDSR, FETP, outbreak investigation, rapid response, scientific reporting), and self-reported competencies in core surveillance domains. Results:of 90 invited officers, 68 completed the survey (response rate 75.6%). Participants were predominantly male (86.8%) and aged 20-39 years (95.6%), with 95.6% holding bachelor's or master's degrees. IDSR training coverage was high (96.6%), yet only 10.3% of district officers participated in FETP. Outbreak investigation experience was highest for cholera (54.4%) and measles (47.1%), but low (<20%) for AFP, malaria, diphtheria, and respiratory infections. Technical skills in Excel were widespread (≥75%), whereas GIS (25%) and Power BI (<5%) proficiency were limited. Geographic distribution was uneven, with 27.9% of officers based in Banadir and underrepresentation in peripheral regions. Conclusion:critical gaps in advanced epidemiological skills, specialized outbreak experience, and workforce equity among Somali surveillance officers undermine national disease detection and response. Prioritizing surveillance officers on FETP, targeted refresher training, technical upskilling in GIS and data visualization, and motivation are recommended.
This review examines antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) through an integrated One Health lens, synthesizing evidence across human, animal, and environmental domains. As one of the twenty-first century’s biggest public health threats, AMR represents a particularly significant challenge in the resource-constrained settings of SSA, where surveillance systems remain fragmented and implementation of national action plans is often limited. Drawing on recent surveillance data, genomic studies, and policy analyses, this review provides a comprehensive assessment of AMR epidemiology across all three One Health sectors. It critically evaluates existing cross-sectoral surveillance frameworks, identifies key drivers of resistance transmission between compartments, and examines successful implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs across the region. The review highlights significant knowledge gaps, particularly regarding environmental reservoirs and animal–human transmission pathways, while proposing context-appropriate interventions aligned with the 2024 WHO AMR Action Plan.
Somalia’s recurring hunger crises are often viewed as emergencies that can be addressed by emergency food aid. In reality, chronic food insecurity now stems from structural fault lines—poverty, conflict, displacement, climate volatility, weak land tenure, under-resourced ministries, and fractured markets—that short-term food aid cannot repair. Today, 4.3 million Somalis face acute food insecurity, and more than 700,000 children are acutely malnourished, even though the country boasts a 3333-km coastline, fertile river valleys and a rich tradition of pastoralism and farming. Cycles of drought have decimated herds, forced pastoralists into urban slums, and eroded coping mechanisms, while conflict blocks access to productive land and drives up dependence on imports for over 80
