Artificial intelligence promises to transform marketing, but some relational constants endure across technological ages. The current research proposes a three-layer hierarchical framework that prioritizes three time-invariant foundations of cooperative exchange relationships. Specifically, each foundation comprises a universal principle (interdependence, reciprocity, justice), corresponding psychological construct (trust, gratitude, unfairness), and resulting behaviors that permit, propel, and protect cooperative exchange relationships, regardless of technological contexts. The authors trace the evolution of the three foundations and their manifestations across pre-industrial, industrial, and digital ages to demonstrate their consistency. A projection details how these foundations will shape relationship marketing in the future, guiding marketers to focus on constants to establish effective relationship marketing strategies in an evolving AI age. This hierarchical framework counters the paralysis of uncertainty by offering evidence of stability amid technological disruption. It also reorients relationship marketing from commitment toward cooperation as the practical, dynamic engine of value creation in any technological age.
The upper Miocene Boleo Formation (Baja California Sur, M & eacute;xico) provides a record of tectonic controls on mixed evaporite-siliciclastic sedimentation in a transtensional pull-apart basin during continental break-up and onset of seafloor spreading in the central Gulf of California. The thin basal limestone, recently dated at 6.35 +/- 0.21 Ma, records abrupt onset of subsidence and rapid marine transgression over a formerly emergent landscape. The siliciclastic member contains coarsening-up mud-sand-gravel parasequences that record progradation of fan deltas into a saline shelf. The laterally equivalent gypsum member consists of shallowing-up parasequences formed by evaporative drawdown in the distal evaporite depocenter. Thin, laterally extensive mudstone and breccia units, which host Cu-Co-Zn stratiform ore deposits, record short-lived pulses of marine transgression, fault activity, hydrothermal activity, and mineralization. Growth strata, internal unconformities, and paleocurrent data record NE tilting on a network of NW-striking syn-depositional normal faults during sediment transport to the northeast. Our results support a model for syn-basinal growth of a large monocline above the tip of a propagating oblique-dextral normal fault at the southwest margin of the Santa Rosal & iacute;a basin. Large-scale displacement across the monocline was the primary mechanism of subsidence, which likely was enhanced by loading related to mafic intrusions and sea-floor spreading in the adjacent Guaymas basin. We propose that marine flooding was geologically instantaneous within existing age uncertainties (+/- 0.2 m.y.) for >1000 km along the Pacific-North America plate-boundary fault system, consistent with models for rapid acceleration of transtensional strain when the plate boundary became localized in the modern Gulf of California at ca. 7-6 Ma.
Research Summary CEO promises are powerful but understudied communication tools. We develop a dual-mechanism framework theorizing that while CEO promises elevate stakeholder expectations, they simultaneously constrain strategic flexibility. We argue that CEO promise-making is shaped by two competing pressures: making more promises when the need to manage expectations upward is heightened and fewer promises when the need to preserve flexibility is increased. Further, we predict that under heightened uncertainty, CEOs preserve flexibility through strategic ambiguity (i.e., issuing promises with extended or vague time horizons and lower specificity). Leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) to analyze over 69,000 earnings-call transcripts from S&P 1500 firms (2010-2022), we identify 74,017 CEO promises and find support for our predictions. We contribute an original, publicly available dataset of CEO promises.Managerial Summary When CEOs publicly promise positive future results, they shape how investors and analysts view the company. These promises are a double-edged sword: they can boost investor and stakeholder confidence, but they also lock the company into a pre-determined path and make later shortfalls or pivots reputationally costly. Analyzing more than 69,000 earnings calls (2010-2022), we find that CEOs make more promises when needing to prove their legitimacy, such as during early tenure, when facing gender bias, or after missing earnings targets. However, in uncertain environments, CEOs often pull back from promise-making or employ "strategic ambiguity" by making promises with vaguer timelines and details to maintain flexibility. Our analysis suggests that failing to deliver on these public commitments significantly increases the likelihood of CEO dismissal.
Tuning the permeability of beds of ground coffee is central to making good espresso. Here, we develop a theoretical framework for such a permeability model, which depends principally on the pore volume fraction that is connected between the grains phi p and the specific surface area of the interfaces between liquid and coffee grains, s. We test our theoretical predictions by using lattice-Boltzmann simulations of fluid flow through three-dimensional domains obtained via X-ray computed micro-tomography (XCT) of real packed ground coffee. Our tomography is performed on two different roasted coffees ('Tumba' from Rwanda and 'Guayac & aacute;n' from Colombia) ground to one of 11 grind settings using a Mahlk & ouml;nig grinder, ranging from very fine to coarse grinds. We find excellent agreement with our percolation theory, suggesting a practical way to relate grind size and packing fraction to the specific surface area to predict coffee permeability. We discuss this model in the context of optimal espresso recipe design and the effects of coffee dose to define a Forchheimer number that can be used to predict the onset of inertial flow in coffee.
Teacher instructional and behavioral management practices, including culturally responsive practices, have been shown to be associated with positive student outcomes. We collected classroom videos of 134 elementary school teachers in a rural school district and examined their practice rates (opportunities to respond [OTRs], praise, and corrections) disaggregated by perceived student race (Black and non-Black). We also analyzed how practice rates for each group were associated with the use of office discipline referrals (ODRs) and racial disparities in ODRs. We found teachers provided significantly lower rates of OTRs, praise, and corrections to Black students compared to their non-Black peers. We also found that for every group, corrections alone were linked to higher referral rates. No instructional practices were associated with racial disparities in ODRs. We discuss findings and implications of using disaggregated OTRs, praise, and behavioral corrections data as a systemic indicator of the presence of culturally responsive practices (CRPs).Impact StatementTeachers in rural elementary schools engaged Black students in significantly fewer OTRs, praise, and corrections than their non-Black peers, signaling missed opportunities for engagement and affirmation. Each additional correction predicted higher odds of ODRs for all students, and classrooms with more Black students showed disproportionately higher ODRs for this group. Findings highlight the urgent need to support intentional implementation of CRPs with disaggregated data to foster engagement and affirming classrooms.
