For steady flow past a circular cylinder, analytical solutions can be obtained describing uniform flow and a stable pair of symmetric vortices. The latter approximates the viscous vortex flow at low Reynolds number, prior to the onset of vortex shedding. Herein, we employ the analytical Föppl vortex solution to model idealised steady and unsteady heat transfer from a cylinder, and explore connections with viscous theory for this problem. We use numerical methods based on the combination of a streamline-tracing technique with operator splitting to obtain fast, accurate solutions of the convection–diffusion equation. Comparison between results from our model with those for viscous flows, based on geometric similarity criteria, show significant similarity at low Reynolds numbers, but exhibit systematic discrepancies at higher Reynolds numbers. This paper showcases important differences between viscous and inviscid heat transfer, and suggests the use of the simple Föppl vortex case as a benchmark for numerical studies.
Responses to COVID-19 in the United States were split along partisan political lines throughout the pandemic. People on the political left tended to take the medical threat more seriously and were more likely to adopt preventive health behaviors than those on the political right, resulting in clear differences in state-level policies and health consequences. Here, we examine the origins of these differences, investigating whether they are based on interindividual differences or in party dynamics. Two groups of participants (), who had voted either for Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton in 2016, played the Transmission Game. Players made repeated decisions in a simulated pandemic that involved a trade-off between increasing their expected personal payoff and reducing the chance of a total payoff-loss for themselves and others. In four experimental conditions, the study framing (neutral or pandemic) was crossed with the presence (or absence) of a normative intervention aimed at reducing risk-taking. We observed systematic partisan differences in all conditions, with Republicans taking more risk than Democrats, even in neutrally framed conditions-supporting the idea of interindividual differences between voter groups beyond party dynamics. At the same time, both normative interventions and the pandemic framing reduced risk-taking and expected infection rates in both voter groups. Moreover, we examined individual predictors of risk-taking and demonstrated that game behavior, conservatism, and psychological reactance predict intentions to adopt preventive health behaviors outside the laboratory. We discuss implications for the framing of studies conducted during ongoing crises and lessons for future pandemic preparedness.
Long Range (LoRa) networks have emerged as a vital solution catering to applications requiring coverage over relatively long distances in the world of Internet of Things (IoT), where connectivity and efficient data transmission are paramount. LoRa’s utilization of the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band not only underscores its cost-effectiveness but also positions it favorably against licensed technologies in terms of deployment cost. Consequently, LoRa has been used as the underlying communication technology for applications across various industrial IoT scenarios. Despite its immense promise in reshaping IoT connectivity, LoRa does have some shortcomings and challenges that the research community has yet to address to unleash its full potential. These limitations have triggered substantial attention from diverse entities, including research institutions, organizations, and industry stakeholders. This paper reviews the literature aimed at improving the capacity and scalability of LoRa networks specifically at the Medium Access Control (MAC) and data link layers. Unlike other surveys, this study focuses on these layers because they play a pivotal role in managing collision rates, which significantly impact network scalability. The paper suggests a comprehensive review of the literature, organizing it based on key limitations that could hinder the network’s ability to meet its performance objectives, including scalability, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and energy efficiency. In addition, the paper provides a summary of these research efforts and offers insight into potential directions for future research in this area.
Future-oriented skills have become increasingly important in science education. These skills include critical thinking, problem solving and managing complexity. While policymaking has a direct bearing on the what and the how of a future-oriented perspective in science education, previous research focused on a narrow group of stakeholders such as teachers and students. Little is known about what policymakers perceive as significant future-oriented skills to be included in the science curriculum. By policymakers we mean government officials, legislators, educational administrators, and other influential figures who are key decision-makers in the educational eco-system. The exploratory empirical study reported in the paper employed the Delphi method by administering three sets of questionnaires over two years to policymakers from four European countries. Diverse opinions were transformed into agreed priorities and recommendations for research and policy evaluation. The study did not aim to provide definitive answers but rather to widen the discussion on futurising science education and thereby opening up new research questions about policymakers’ views. The paper contributes to the scarce research on policymakers’ views in science education. Implications for future research and curriculum reform are discussed.
This study examines the factors influencing coastal conservation behaviours by integrating the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with coastal tourism experiences. Conducted in Plymouth, UK, the research assesses how attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and tourism experiences shape conservation intentions and engagement among residents and tourists. The findings reveal that PBC is the most influential factor associated with conservation intentions in the overall model, while coastal tourism experiences significantly influence engagement, particularly among tourists. Residents' conservation intentions are more influenced by attitudes, whereas tourists are driven by their tourism experiences. These findings highlight the need for tailored conservation strategies, such as environmental education for residents and experiential learning opportunities for tourists. This study provides insights into the mechanisms driving coastal conservation behaviours and offers practical guidance for promoting sustainable coastal tourism.
