This chapter covers substitution reactions of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium functions. Since the publication of COFGT (1995), many works have dealt with radical reactions. Many efforts have also been made in the field of cross-couplings and their asymmetric catalysis. As in other domains of organic chemistry, some of these reactions were carried out on solid phase with the aim of applying them to combinatorial chemistry. Some papers deal with efforts to perform the reaction in a sustainable way (green chemistry). In this context ionic liquids are frequently used as a reaction medium. Rearrangements implying substitution of chalcogen are particularly studied in order to control their stereoselectivity.
Anchored in the job demands-resources model, this study examined the effects of an online self-training job crafting intervention specifically designed for remote work. The intervention's effectiveness was tested on job crafting behaviors, work engagement, job boredom, work-to-home conflict, and remote work performance, using an experimental design with randomized intervention and control groups. Participants (N = 87) completed the pre- and postintervention measurements through an online survey. Results revealed that the intervention led to an increase in seeking social resources in the intervention group, relative to preintervention levels and to the control group. Results also indicated a buffering effect of the intervention on seeking challenge job demands. No effect was found on reducing hindrance job demands, while a decrease in seeking structural resources was observed in the intervention group. The intervention did not significantly impact work engagement, job boredom, and remote work performance. Nonetheless, results indicated a decrease in work-to-home conflict among participants in the intervention group after the intervention, relative to preintervention levels. These findings hold both theoretical and practical value by suggesting that job crafting interventions offer a promising, though improvable, approach to promote remote workers' job crafting behaviors and functioning at the work-home interface.
Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) is proposed as a precursor phase in biologically controlled mineralization processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Therefore, there are increasing studies to understand the ACP stability in biomineralization events, as well as to use them in the development of hybrid scaffolds biomimetic of mineralized biological tissues. Its structural instability and uncontrolled crystallization under physiological conditions in vitro have limited its use for such different purposes, often requiring high concentrations of non-physiological stabilizing agents. Here, we present a one-pot, spray-drying-based, and scalable method for the rapid fabrication of either ACP or hybrid ACP-collagen microparticles. The microparticles containing acetate, lacking counterions of ACP precursor salts such as Na+ and Cl-, exhibit remarkable long-term and thermal stability, and do not require the high concentrations of inorganic ions typically used for stabilization. In addition, from an applied perspective, they can form under physiological conditions biomimetic bone mineral but also, in the presence of collagen, extrudable 3D fibrillar bone-like constructs. Finally, our work complements the understanding of ACP stabilization and its integration within organic scaffolds, both of which are essential for understanding biomineralization processes.
Social media advertising is a cornerstone of modern marketing, yet brands face persistent challenges with ad avoidance and skepticism. Although prior research suggests that lifestyle photos (products depicted in use) enhance mental simulation compared to product photos, it remains unclear how these visual elements influence consumer resistance to advertising. Drawing on the Persuasion Knowledge Model, we propose that visual elements influence consumer responses by altering inferences of manipulative intent. Across four studies, including a field study, we demonstrate that lifestyle (vs. product) photos elicit more favorable brand attitudes, stronger purchase intentions, and higher click-through rates. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this effect disappears under high cognitive load, as consumers lack the processing resources necessary to infer persuasive motives. By identifying manipulative intent as a distinct psychological mechanism linking visual elements to advertising effectiveness, this research advances our understanding of visual persuasion and provides guidance for designing in-feed ads on social media.
Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and associated complications. Natural plant-based therapies have gained increasing attention due to their potential efficacy and safety. Abelmoschus esculentus (AE) has traditionally been used for the management of diabetes; however, its anti-diabetic mechanisms require further scientific validation.Objective This study aimed to chemically characterize of AE fruit methanol (AEM), hexane (AEH), and water (AEW) extracts and evaluate their anti-diabetic activity using both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.Methods AE extracts were prepared and chemically analyzed using standard phytochemical and GC/MS analysis. In vitro anti-diabetic activity was assessed through testing glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) in a rat muscle cell line stably expressing myc-tagged GLUT4 (L6-GLUT4myc) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antioxidant activity also performed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In vivo anti-diabetic effects were evaluated in experimentally induced diabetic animal models by monitoring blood glucose levels.Results GC-MS analysis identified 14 compounds in the AEM and 12 in the AEH known to possess anti-diabetic activity. AEM and AEH enhanced GLUT4 translocation in L6-GLUT4myc muscle cells, with AEM showing the highest activity. Oral AEM treatment reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice from 525 +/- 46 to 234 +/- 56 mg/dL after 5 weeks. Both extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, with AEM achieving 69% inhibition in the DPPH assay.Conclusion The findings demonstrate that chemically characterized AE extracts possess significant anti-diabetic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. These effects may be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals that improve glucose metabolism.AE may therefore represent a promising natural therapeutic candidate for the management of diabetes mellitus.
