The University of Sannio (Italian: Università degli Studi del Sannio, UNISANNIO) is a university located in Benevento, southern Italy. Founded in 1998 (being previously a part of the University of Salerno), the University of Sannio is organized in 4 faculties with almost 6,000 students and offers courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level in the fields of Law, Statistics, the Environment, Geology, Biology, Biotechnology, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Energy Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Economics and Business Organization.
The integration of multifunctional modules into ultrathin, spatially constrained flexible electronics often leads to localized heat accumulation, challenging device reliability under conformal operation. Achieving precise heatflux manipulation, mechanical flexibility, and scalable fabrication within a unified platform remains an open challenge. Here, we report a gradient-discretized design strategy for flexible thermal metamaterials that combines multiscale topology optimization with transformation thermotics. This framework links microstructural geometry, deformation-induced effects, and macroscopic thermal functionality, including thermal cloaking and thermal concentration. Using flexible printed-circuit fabrication, we fabricate gradient arrays containing 6 & times; 6 to 20 & times; 20 unit cells, with pitches ranging from 10 to 3 mm, within a fixed 60 & times; 60 mm2 footprint. We also develop a coupled thermomechanical resistance model to quantify bending-induced perturbations. In the flat state, the thermal-cloaking function suppresses the temperature gradient within the protected region to approximately 1% of the surrounding background gradient, thereby enabling thermal concealment of embedded heterogeneous structures. The thermal-concentration function enhances local heat focusing by nearly one order of magnitude, increasing the temperature difference available to a thermoelectric module. Both functions remain effective under bending at a radius of 19 mm, with only moderate performance degradation. These results establish a scalable and mechanically compliant platform for programmable heat-flux control in next-generation conformal and wearable electronics.
Abstract Understanding flow behavior in compound channels with floodplain vegetation is essential for modeling river hydraulics and ecohydraulics processes. This study conducted a controlled large-scale flume experiment in an asymmetric trapezoidal compound channel to examine the effects of emergent rigid cylindrical vegetation on mean flow, turbulence, momentum exchange, and coherent structures. Vegetated and nonvegetated sections were compared using water-level measurements and three-dimensional acoustic Doppler velocimetry. Floodplain vegetation intensified the velocity gradient at the main channel–floodplain interface, increasing turbulent kinetic energy and streamwise and lateral Reynolds stresses in the transition zone. The vegetated section developed a broader mixing layer and stronger coherent structures, as indicated by larger autocorrelation time scales and peaks in the lateral velocity spectra. Although normalized turbulence statics were consistent with laboratory-scale studies, the spatial and temporal scales of coherent structures were notably larger in the present large-scale experiment. These scale-dependent differences highlight that the need for scale-aware interpretation when using laboratory-derived turbulence and resistance parameters in compound-channel modeling. The data set provides a useful resource for validating numerical models and upscaling laboratory findings to field-relevant two-stage channel configurations.
Cancer therapy is increasingly shifting towards targeted strategies capable of maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have emerged as promising natural nanocarriers due to their characteristics like biocompatibility, stability in biological fluids, and capacity for selective cargo delivery. EVs participate in intercellular communication through highly regulated biological processes that control their formation, cargo selection, cellular uptake, and downstream signaling activity. This mini-review highlights how regulated sorting processes, surface-associated tropism, and diverse internalization pathways determine EVs specificity and functional impact in recipient tumor cells. Furthermore, current advances in engineering EVs for drug and RNA delivery, emphasizing their potential to enhance therapeutic precision while minimizing systemic toxicity, are summarized here. In conclusion, by linking fundamental molecular mechanisms to translational applications, EVs emerge as a promising platform for the development of targeted and biologically compatible cancer therapies.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is projected to rise from 2.1 billion tons in 2020 to 3.782 billion tons annually by 2050 under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, intensifying environmental, economic, and social pressures. Using a scenario-based comparative indicator framework built from structured synthesis of global datasets and peer-reviewed literature, this study evaluates current waste management practices and compares three scenarios to 2050: BAU, controlled waste management, and circular economy. We show that 38
The paper presents the computer simulation of social phenomena as a promising approach to investigate the links tying human cognition, society and law. The focus is on agent-based modeling (ABM), a research paradigm offering new ways to explore how the interaction between individuals (and the cognitive mechanisms governing their decisions) leads to the emergence and evolution of complex, macro-level social constructs. After an introduction to the theoretical and methodological framework grounding our proposal, which we situate at the intersection of complexity theory, computational empiricism, and computational social science, the paper delves into the basic features of agent-based simulations. It then examines, by way of example, the application of ABM to the study of phenomena-ranging from the effects of sanctions to social dilemmas and crime dynamics-that not only are relevant to socio-legal research but also clearly connect micro-level cognitive processes with macro-level social outcomes. The review serves as an opportunity to reflect on the scientific and methodological frontiers of legal sociology and, more generally, on the prospects for the empirical development of legal science.
