High-ethanol-content fuels have attracted increasing attention as alternative fuels for compression ignition engines due to their renewable nature and oxygenated molecular structure. In particular, understanding their spray atomization behavior is of broad international interest for the development of low-carbon and oxygenated fuel strategies in next-generation compression ignition engines. However, the effective utilization of such fuels strongly depends on their spray atomization and mixture formation characteristics during the early stages of injection. In this study, the spray behavior of diesel-ethanol blends with exceptionally high ethanol contents (50-100% by mass) was systematically investigated under engine-relevant injection conditions using a constant volume chamber (CVC). High-speed optical shadowgraph was employed to visualize spray development under injection pressures of 800-1200 bar and ambient pressures of 15-30 bar. Key macroscopic spray parameters, including spray penetration length, spray cone angle, spray area, spray perimeter, and spray velocity, were quantitatively extracted using MATLAB-based image processing. To provide microscopic insight into atomization behavior, large eddy simulation coupled with the KH-RT breakup CFD model was conducted to evaluate droplet size evolution through the Sauter mean diameter. The results show that increasing ethanol content significantly reduces spray penetration length while enlarging spray cone angle and spray perimeter, indicating enhanced lateral dispersion and interfacial complexity. In addition, the Sauter mean diameter decreased with increasing ethanol fraction and injection pressure, confirming improved atomization and accelerated droplet breakup. These spray characteristics suggest enhanced evaporation and fuel-air mixing during the ignition delay period, which are critical for efficient fuel utilization and the mitigation of locally fuel-rich regions in compression ignition engines.
In this study, Cs2NaInI6 a cesium-based double perovskite, is investigated as a novel absorber material owing to its favorable optoelectronic properties, stability, and eco-friendliness. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive computational investigation of Cs2NaInI6 by combining Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with device-level simulations using SCAPS-1D. Electronic-structure analysis using the TB-mBJ potential revealed a direct band gap of 1.702 eV. Using SCAPS-1D simulation, we systematically optimized device performance by analyzing optimum left metal contact (LMC) selection from (Cu, Fe, C, Au, W, Ni, Pd, Pt, Se), hole transport layer (HTL) from (CBTS, CuI, MoS2, P3HT, GaAs, CdTe, and CFTS), and electron-transport layer (ETL) from (WS2, ZnO, TiO2, and PCBM). The optimal cell, FTO/WS2/Cs2NaInI6/CBTS/Ni, achieved the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.23
Alkali metal Na-ion batteries (NIBs) present an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries. However, the limited availability of high-performance anode materials continues to hinder their widespread adoption. In this study, we theoretically investigate the potential of a two-dimensional elemental monolayer of gallium, known as gallenene (Ga-100-ML), as a promising anode material for NIBs and as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The structural, dynamical, and thermal stability of Ga-100-ML is confirmed through formation and cohesive energy calculations, phonon dispersion analysis, in-plane stiffness evaluation, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Electronic structure analysis reveals its metallic nature, and adsorption studies show that up to 45 Na atoms can be stably accommodated, corresponding to a high theoretical storage capacity of 961.30 mAh/g and a low diffusion barrier of 0.36 eV. Furthermore, HER activity is significantly enhanced upon Pt decoration, achieving a minimum Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption of -0.12 eV. These results highlight Ga-100-ML as a promising candidate for dual applications in NIBs and catalyst for HER.
Suicidal ideation is a robust predictor of suicidal behavior and is prevalent in mood disorders. Childhood maltreatment, including abuse and neglect, is a well-established risk factor for suicidal ideation, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are plausible mediators; four EMSs – defectiveness/shame, social isolation/alienation, failure, and dependence/incompetence – have been linked to suicidal ideation. This study examined these mediating pathways in mood disorders and explored differences across major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and bipolar I disorder (BD-I). A total of 932 Korean psychiatric outpatients aged 18–49 years with MDD, BD-II, or BD-I were included. Childhood maltreatment, EMSs, suicidal ideation, and depressive symptoms were assessed. Four structural equation models tested EMS mediation, controlling for age, sex, and depressive symptoms. Multi-group analyses evaluated measurement and structural invariance across diagnostic groups. Indirect pathways from childhood neglect to suicidal ideation were observed through three EMSs: defectiveness/shame (B = 0.28, 95
