Vista University, South Africa was established in 1981 by the apartheid government to ensure that urban black South Africans seeking tertiary education would be accommodated within the townships rather than on campuses reserved for other population groups.
Residential development in Port Elizabeth during the 19th century is characterized by continual attempts to remove African locations from the centre of town and the proximity of white residential areas. Until 1902 the local authority continued to regulate African settlement through the establishment of additional municipal locations. To accomplish the resettlement of Africans in the new locations, the municipality of Port Elizabeth came to rely on laws for the removal of squatters, slum clearance and treating the overcrowded African locations as a health hazard. The introduction of legislation in 1903 facilitated the municipality's programme of mass evictions and slum clearance. In the same year a change in the administration of locations had also occurred when responsibility for the New Brighton location was transferred to the Cape Colonial government. This responsibility only reverted to the Port Elizabeth municipality in 1923.
This riot was one of many black riots against socio-economic problems in urban centres right through South Africa during the 1920s. The direct causes of the riot were municipal sorghum beer regulations which the blacks regarded as unfair restriction of their freedom, and low wages for blacks complicated by unemployment. Furthermore neither the Natives' Advisory Council, nor the City Council, nor the police was able to play a conciliatory role, and the City Council failed to present timely practical solutions.
This article refutes the misconception that Lord Alfred Milner's land settlement scheme in the Orange River Colony was a financial and agricultural disaster. The British settlers probably received more privileges, financially and materially, than did the Afrikaner farmers who were ruined by the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899 - 1902). It should be conceded, however, that Milner's imperialistic motive to increase the British element by way of the land settlement scheme to prevent the rural areas from remaining solely in Afrikaner hands, did not materialize to the extent envisaged by him. By 1912 the settlers numbered 546, in comparison with the approximately 40 000 Afrikaner farmers in the districts concerned.
