Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) represent a promising technology for sustainable energy conversion; however, their performance optimization demands considerable experimental and computational effort. This study employs density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) to investigate the optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of a C2N monolayer quantum dot and its complexes with two organic dyes including T2-1 and para-methyl red (PMR). Six dye/C2N configurations (T1-T3 and P1-P3) were computationally analyzed for their electronic structure, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and interaction with TiO2 electrodes. Key photovoltaic descriptors were evaluated to predict the device performance. Results revealed that the complexation of the dyes with C2N significantly enhances the light-harvesting efficiency, charge separation, and electron injection kinetics compared to those of isolated dyes on the TiO2 electrode. The calculated gas-phase values of short-circuit current densities and open-circuit voltages for T1, T3, P2, and P3 vary in the ranges of 51 to 53 mA cm-2 and 54 to 58 V, respectively, which shows their suitable photovoltaic performance for application in DSSCs. On the other hand, the T3 complex shows the highest open-circuit voltage (0.33 V) among the complexes while the highest short-circuit current densities (87.38 mA cm-2) is for the T1 complex in solvent (acetonitrile). The findings validate C2N as a viable photoanode material, and a cosensitizer demonstrated the efficacy of theoretical screening in improving DSSC performance.
Biological invasions, driven by the spread of non-native species, have become a critical global issue because of their far-reaching ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Effective communication of the risks of biological invasions is essential for implementing robust policy and legislation and gaining public support for conservation efforts. However, current policies often suffer from fragmentation and ineffectiveness, largely due to inadequate risk communication and complex multi-level governance. To address this challenge, we develop a global framework designed to enhance clearer communication about biological invasion risks. The framework contextualizes key terms across three domains in invasion science: species invasiveness, risk analysis, and decision support tools. Using both diffusion-of-English and ecology-of-language paradigms, and following a three-step process involving preliminary consensus, AI querying, and ground-truthing with final consensus, we validate the framework in 70 non-English languages which, together with English, have official status in at least one country and collectively cover all 195 countries worldwide. Our findings reveal that while terminology for risk analysis is well established, terminology for species invasiveness and, especially, for decision support tools remains underdeveloped in many languages, hindering effective communication and policy implementation. Our framework underscores the importance of cultural and political neutrality. By promoting clearer risk communication among scientists, policymakers, and the public globally, we aim to reduce policy fragmentation and foster enhanced collaboration in risk mitigation. We recommend expanding multilingual decision support tools to include the full risk analysis process: risk identification, risk assessment, and risk management. This will support intergovernmental mitigation efforts and promote a unified global response to biological invasions.
The method based on umbilics that expose line-like organization of complex director fields is used to introduce umbilic surfaces as a numerically robust probe of three-dimensional (3D) topological solitons in frustrated cholesteric liquid crystals. We present a coordinate-free analytical formulation of the umbilic-line approach that ensures reliable detection of umbilics on discrete simulation grids and thus avoids the problems caused by instabilities and sensitivity to coordinate choices. By using our method we introduce the laboratory-referenced phase field giving a natural tool for intuitive surface colorization. In addition, we employ this field to define the two fundamental integer invariants of umbilic loops: the transverse index (the strength) and the longitudinal winding (the profile twist). These invariants directly link the umbilic geometry to the topological characteristics of textures, thus enabling soliton identification and a comparison of solitons by topological content. We apply the technique to the three canonical solitons obtained by the free-energy minimization: the toron and the looped cholesteric fingers of the first and second types with the Hopf indices equal to zero and unity, respectively. It is found that the umbilic-surface representation clearly exposes defect structures, discriminates between visually similar but topologically distinct textures and provides a tool for quantifying and visualizing 3D solitons from director field data.
This study evaluates Armenia's human capital's sustainable development and its macroeconomic role in socioeconomic consolidation over the period 2000-2024. A six-block composite Human Capital Sustainability Index (HCSI) is constructed to address gaps in integrated diagnostics and is validated using PCA and clustering. The index rises from 0.26 in 2000 to 0.68 in 2023, followed by a correction to 0.60 in 2024, while GDP per capita increases from USD 1,229 to USD 5,378. Synchrony is high: the correlation between HCSI and income is 0.97, and a Granger causality test indicates an "HCSI -> income" effect with a two-year lag (p = 0.037). A three-phase trajectory is identified-early stage (2000-2006), transition (2007-2015), and a new cycle (2016-2024)-with income acceleration emerging once HCSI reaches or exceeds 0.60. Digitalization is the principal transmission channel. The share of internet users reaches 80% in 2023, ICT services exports peak at 28.86% in 2020 and stabilize at 18.87% in 2023, and the diffusion of digital technologies supports productivity-enhancing reallocation. The innovation block remains a bottleneck, with R&D expenditures hovering between 0.18% and 0.21% of GDP. The economic implication is a strengthened contribution of human capital to productivity growth and export diversification, notably through information and communications technology (ICT) and other high-value-added services. Policy priorities include scaling digital skills and broadband infrastructure, harmonizing qualification frameworks across sectors, co-financing applied R&D and university-industry projects, lowering mobility barriers for skilled labor domestically and in adjacent markets, and developing interoperable digital platforms for cross-border service delivery. This package raises income resilience, dampens shocks, and supports a stable path of human capital-led growth.
The article examines the discursive continuity of Iranian nationalism across successive political systems through the case of the Persian Gulf naming dispute. Drawing on critical discourse analysis and qualitative content from digital platforms, the study highlights a symbolic convergence between state, opposition and popular narratives, both inside and outside Iran. Being state-permitted, this digital nationalist expression channels deep-seated affect and reinforces a coordinated narrative of national identity. The Persian Gulf thus emerges not only as a simple hydronym but also as a shared affective and ideological platform linking pre- and post-revolutionary elites with digital publics in a moment of symbolic consensus.
