Optical Burst Switching networks are considered as an important candidate for the future transport networks. Many analysis models of OBS node with FDLs have been proposed recently. In this paper, we propose a novel retrial queueing model at OBS core node architecture SPL - feed-forward. Blocking probability will be calculated based on Markov multi-dimensional models. Numerical solution values from the proposed analysis method are compared with simulation, as well as between these models.
As cities continue to grow, numerous initiatives for Smart Cities are being conducted. The concept of Smart City encompasses several concepts being governance, economy, management, infrastructure, technology and people. This means that a Smart City can have different communication needs. Wireless technologies such as WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiMax, 4G or LTE have presented themselves as solutions to the communication needs of Smart City initiatives. However, as most of them employ unlicensed bands, interference and coexistence problems are increasing. In this paper, the wireless technologies available nowadays for IoT in Smart Cities are reviewed. Their characteristics and their adequacy to each domain is considered. The problems derived of over-crowded unlicensed spectrum and coexistence difficulties among each technology are discussed as well. Finally, power consumption concerns are addressed.
Unethical hacking of sites, probing, click frauds, phishing, denial of services attack and many such malicious practices affects the organizational integrity and sovereignty. Such activities are direct attacks on the safety, security and confidentiality of the organization. These activities put organizational privacy at stake. Botnet forensic is utilized to strengthen the security issues by understanding the modus operandi of the attacks. The available observations can be utilized in future also to prevent a potential threat to network security. This paper enlightens the novel summary of previous survey including life cycle, classification, framework, detection, analysis and the challenges for botnet forensics.
Wireless sensor networks are a technology in full evolution with great future and a huge quantity of applications. This document lists some of the limitations existing in WSN networks. In addition, several existing techniques are collected to maximize the network's lifetime, demonstrating that efficient use of energy is very important to achieve this goal. Due to the importance of knowing the behaviour of this type of network before its launch, a comparative is established for the options offered by the WSN network simulators available in the market, compared to those offered by CupCarbon. The objective of this project is the evaluation of the CupCarbon simulator through the implementation of an algorithm that aims to maximize the life time of the network, as well as collecting the results offered by this algorithm. In this way, a Dijkstra routing algorithm is developed whose selection of routes depends on the battery level contained in the nodes that constitute the network. This algorithm is referred as dynamic Dijkstra in the present document. To achieve the objectives described, we pretend to simulate the dynamic Dijkstra in CupCarbon, for this aim, the source code is modified, since it is a free code tool. As a result, it is possible to create the original Dijkstra, but certain problems are presented, to develop the part that depends on the energy, related to the functionalities offered by CupCarbon. As an alternative to determine the results associated to the created algorithm, theoretical analyses are accomplished. Consequently, it is concluded that the evaluation of CupCarbon is not satisfactory enough, while the algorithm created maximizes the network's lifetime.
Mobility management has become a great challenge due to the exponential growth in the number of devices that can connect to home or visited networks, and the need for providing seamless mobility in future generation networks. SDN-DMM (Software Defined Network Architecture for Distributed Mobility Management) architecture has been proposed [11], allowing to separate control and data planes, for the distributed mobility management through bidirectional IP flows. This article reports on aspects related to the implementation of SDN-DMM, conducted with metrics as packet loss, throughput and handover latency, considered in a comparison involving traditional routing and SDN-DMM. The results show the SDN approach not only provides the intrinsic benefits of SDN in comparison with traditional architectures, but also deals with the distributed mode of mobility management in heterogeneous access networks in a simplified and efficient way.
Mobile ad hoc network presents generally several challenges such as high dynamic topology, packet loss and frequent routes discovering that result in low throughput and reduced packet delivery ratio. To reduce the number of route discovering process, multipath routing protocols makes use of alternate paths to continue packets transmission. Ad Hoc On-demand, multipath distance vector routing protocol or AOMDV, is one of the well-known multipath protocols that relays on the hop count metric to route packets. However maintaining disjoint active routes can reduce nodes life time and lead to more control messages like error and discovering packets. In this paper, a pre-emptive approach is proposed based on the historical values of nodes energy. Nodes that excessively consume energy in time are considered overloaded and are excluded from route discovering, hence nodes with reduced energy variation are selected to route packets. Simulation results show reduced number of dead nodes by 30 %, overhead by 16%.
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an Ad-hoc network populated by small hand-held commodity devices, running on batteries called stations or sensors. These sensors are deployed in an area called a perception zone in order to study one or more phenomena. Generally, the perception zone is an area where access is almost impossible for humans. Given the absence of a previously defined infrastructure,deployed sensors need to organize themselves to ensure not only their connectivity but also effective management of theirresidual energy. This residual energy management is more important since we know that communications over longdistances are always very energy-consuming for sensors, which most often do not have a secondary source of energy. Multi-hop communication is generally used to connect sensors in order to ensure efficient use of their energy. This being the case, multi-hop communication can be established by partitioning the network into clusters. In order to avoid malicious intrusions, all operations involvedmust be done in a secure manner. In this paper, we propose a secure clustering protocolwhich connects all the sensors of the network.
The south of Algeria has a very hard climate. In summer, it is very hot and dry with a very violent sand wind and in winter very cold and dry, from where several plants cannot be cultivated in an open field. With rapid population growth, the production of fruits and vegetables cannot be sufficient. To solve these two major problems, we propose in this paper a new mechanism for the control of the climate inside a greenhouse. The objective of this work is to propose a new design for the greenhouse that can be managed and controlled automatically. The management and the control of this greenhouse are done because of our new proposed algorithms, and the use of new technologies such as sensors, actuators, microcontrollers, and the Internet of things to facilitate the tasks of farmers in the south of Algeria, and to improve the productiveness of the agriculture. We present the results of applying our proposal in a greenhouse during a short period of time and the changes on the environmental parameters inside the greenhouse.
Due to environmental problems, such as the lack of water for irrigation, each day it becomes more necessary to control crops. Therefore, the use of precision agriculture becomes more evident. When it comes to making decisions on crops, it is evident the need to apply the concept of Smart Agriculture, that focuses on utilizing different sensors and actuators. As the number of IoT devices used in agriculture grows exponentially, it is necessary to design the implemented network so that the data is transmitted without problems. The present work shows a wireless network design, in which we use the information collected by the sensors of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) formed by Access Points (AP) to transmit the data to a network that monitors agriculture for smart irrigation. In addition, through simulations we have presented a proposal of the maximum number of nodes that must be connected to an AP so that the network is efficient.
The monitoring of different parameters in the smart garden environment requires thousands of nodes and actuators. They form a multi-hop communication network. The scatternets formed with Bluetooth protocol is a communication solution. However, there is no current algorithm that considers the different capabilities of the devices (sensors or actuators) and assigns a role according to these capabilities. In this paper, we present a network topology formation algorithm for role assignment and connection establishment which considers the capabilities of the devices and use slave-slave Bridge to communicate the piconets. We design the algorithms needed for this protocol and test it. We have simulated the algorithms in order to evaluate the time needed for role assignment and to establish the first connections of the piconet. The results include different scenarios composed by one or two masters and one to seven slaves. In addition, we evaluate the established connections in piconets and bridges in a real case of the smart garden sensor network. Finally, we present the changes in the piconet connections after the deployment of two nodes in an existing network.
Wireless sensor networks are increasingly being deployed in areas where several types of information need to be harvested. Monitoring a given area is one of the main goals of this technology. This consists in deploying sensor nodes in the Area of Interest (AoI) in order to detect any event occurring in this area, collect information and send them to the base station. However, in this type of configuration, the quantity and the quality of data collected are important factors in making better decisions by the end user. It therefore becomes crucial to deploy sensors in the AoI so that the latters can cover as much as possible the AoI, and propose mechanism to collect and send data to the base station while minimizing the energy consumption of the sensors. In this paper, we bring into focus a solution (A2CDC) to resolve this problem which performs in two main stages: in the first stage, we propose an algorithm that guarantees a maximal coverage of the AoI after a random deployment of static sensors and mobile sensors; and in the second stage, we propose a node activity scheduling that minimizes energy consumption of both static and mobile nodes while sending collected data to the base station. Compared to many other algorithms in the literature, our solution is better in term of coverage percentage of the AoI, data received by the base station and in term of energy minimization.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new networking strategy designed to overcome issues experienced in traditional IP network e.g. high level of complexity and inability to adaptively respond to newly arisen Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in a timely fashion. In SDN, control plane and data plane are decoupled which justifies the need to have a central controller to receive the application requirements (e.g. Quality of Service requirements) and implements a set of network policies on the data plane to eventually satisfy the requirements of the application. Implementing a proper set of policies on data plane can be quite a challenging task. In many cases implementing a set of policies in order to satisfy the requirements of an application negates requirements of other applications. In this paper, a simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of a QoS policy (i.e. reserving bandwidth) on a specific type of multimedia traffic (e.g. video, audio and data) and its influences on other types of multimedia traffic. The outcome of the simulation study has motivated the authors to conduct a mathematical analysis on the sensitivity of network applications over all possible combination of network policies to eventually implement a proper set of policies that imposes minimum destructive impact on other network applications or services.
Currently, most of remote education systems use video streaming as the main basis to support teaching. These emissions can be seen in devices with different hardware features such as personal computers, tablets or smartphones through networks with different capacities. The use of different web browsers and coding options can also influence the network performance. Therefore, the quality of the video displayed may be different. This work presents a practical study to establish the best combination of web browsers and containers to encode multimedia files for videos streaming in personal computers running Windows 7 and Windows 10 operating systems. For this, a video encoded with different codecs and compressed with different containers have been transmitted through a 1000BaseT network. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared to determine which would be the most efficient combination of parameters according to the resolution of the transmitted video.
A large scale of spectrum sensing techniques are proposed to improve the use of spectrum resources. However, the EE (energy efficiency) should be guaranteed for both primary and secondary users, especially under various detection performance constraints. In this regard, the linking between activities of PU (primary user) and dynamic access behaviors of SUs (secondary users) should be considered in an integrated way. This survey has compared different existing scenarios and frameworks on EE optimizations. The principal objective is to enhance the system throughput and to coordinate on the physical layer of both PU and SUs, in order to enable a high-quality spectrum detection and a more efficient spectrum access. In the technical part, several optimization methods are introduced under PU’s constraints, and different methods based on game theory are applied to suitable cooperative sensing scenarios for SUs’ optimal access. Finally, the complexity of algorithms is compared, to further reduce the execution time and deploy real-time adaptation for users with lower delay.
Wireless sensor networks are widely used for monitoring different processes, including agriculture, in order to reach sustainability. One of the keys to sustainable crops is water saving. In particular, saving water is extremely important in arid and semiarid regions. In those regions, citrus trees are cultivated, and drip irrigation is used to save water. In this paper, we propose a smart irrigation system for citrus trees using a WSN. We describe the employed sensors and nodes for this proposal. Next, we present the proposed architecture and the operational algorithms for the nodes. Moreover, we designed different algorithms for fault tolerance and energy saving functionalities. The energy saving algorithm is based on the relevance of the gathered data, which is analyzed in order to consider whether the information should be forwarded or not. A TPC-based protocol is proposed to perform the communication among the nodes of our system. In addition, we present different simulations of the proposed system. Particularly, we show the consumed bandwidth and the remaining energy in the different nodes. Finally, we test different energy configurations to evaluate the network lifetime and the remaining energy when the first node depletes its energy.
Wireless sensor network is an emerging research field and a crucial infrastructure for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Sensor nodes of a wireless network may connect via different wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee or WiMAX. In many applications, like field monitoring or smart buildings, the location of the nodes with respect to a global or relative coordinate system is essential information. The main focus of this work is the localization of wireless sensor nodes, using the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric of the wireless telecommunication infrastructure. We present both simulation and measurement results of the proposed method and compare the results with similar work.
Web communications between the server and the client are being used extensively. However, session hijacking has become a critical problem for most of the client-server communications. Among different session hijacking attacks, SSL stripping is the most dangerous attack. There are a number of measures proposed to prevent SSL tripping-based session hijacking attacks. However, existing surveys did not summarize all the preventive measures in a comprehensive manner (without much illustration and categorization). The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of existing measures against SSL stripping-based session hijacking attacks and compare those measures. In this paper, we have classified all the existing preventive measures for SSL stripping-based session hijacking attacks into two main categories: client-side measures and serverside measures. We have illustrated the proposed solutions comprehensively with useful diagrams for clarification. We have also compared them based on different performance criteria. This paper will help web security researchers to have a comparative analysis of all solutions for the SSL stripping based attacks, thereby improving existing solutions to better protect the users from session hijacking attacks.
One of the main advantages of IPTV is the full duplex capability communication between the TV provider and the clients. This interactivity allows the TV providers to obtain extra information from the clients. Moreover, the clients could even take profit of this type communication to allow surfing between videos. This feature cannot be used in Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT). In this paper, we will show the development of an interactive video using hypervideolinks for IPTV services. Moreover, we will detail the protocol procedure between the TV provider and the clients. Some real measurements will be provided in order to show the bandwidth consumed and the number of packets needed for this service by each client.
World Wide Web is the greatest boon towards the technological advancement of modern era. Using the benefits of Internet globally, anywhere and anytime, users can avail the benefits of accessing live and on demand video services. The streaming media systems such as YouTube, Netflix, and Apple Music are reining the multimedia world with frequent popularity among users. A key concern of quality perceived for video streaming applications over Internet is the Quality of Experience (QoE) that users go through. Due to changing network conditions, bit rate and initial delay and the multimedia file freezes or provide poor video quality to the end users, researchers across industry and academia are explored HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS), which split the video content into multiple segments and offer the clients at varying qualities. The video player at the client side plays a vital role in buffer management and choosing the appropriate bit rate for each such segment of video to be transmitted. A higher bit rate transmitted video pauses in between whereas, a lower bit rate video lacks in quality, requiring a tradeoff between them. The need of the hour was to adaptively varying the bit rate and video quality to match the transmission media conditions. Further, The main aim of this paper is to give an overview on the state of the art HAS techniques across multimedia and networking domains. A detailed survey was conducted to analyze challenges and solutions in adaptive streaming algorithms, QoE, network protocols, buffering and etc. It also focuses on various challenges on QoE influence factors in a fluctuating network condition, which are often ignored in present HAS methodologies. Furthermore, this survey will enable network and multimedia researchers a fair amount of understanding about the latest happenings of adaptive streaming and the necessary improvements that can be incorporated in future developments.
This paper presents a reliable and low cost greenhouse gas measurement system. The system mainly consists of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a set of calibrated sensors, a wireless system, and a microcontroller. The system can measure the concentration of greenhouse gases namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and ozone (O3) at different altitudes. It can also measure temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. The system is able to send data to a remote monitoring station. The UAV is equipped with image processing based navigation and landing system so that it can land autonomously on a designated place. To ensure safe landing the system uses a specially designed parachute. This paper also presents some data generated by the system.
