The differenece observed in the measurement results obtained from x-ray and from a native speciment was taken for calculation of correction factors for each measured parameters that would finally show real values in live subjects.
Quantitative-histological investigations (point counting method) are pointed out in 27 male and 15 female sand rats. The animals are divided in the IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), the diabetic and the control group. The LEYDIG cells are in the IGT-group increased, and in the diabetic group decreased. The female sand rats are characterized by the tendency of increase of size and number of follicles in the IGT-group. Corpora lutea are reduced but atretic follicles are increased in the diabetic group. The ovaries are greater in diabetic sand rats.
The authors describe a simple method for the staining of semithin sections mounted on slides, using Ziehl's fuchsin, that improves the results obtained with toluidine blue.
A bone canal was found in the apical part of a Pars petrosa, connecting the Sinus petrosus superior and the "Foramen petrobasilare", which is a Foramen emissarium of the Sinus petrosus inferior. This canal was interpreted as a Canalis emissarius of the Sinus petrosus superior.
The stimulation of the proximal auditory nerve or the Cochlear Nuclear Complex (CNC) situated in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle is a possibility of hearing rehabilitation for patients suffering from bilateral deafness by bilateral cerebellopontine-angle tumors or by transsections of cochlear nerves on both sides. Using such anatomical landmarks as proximal cochlear nerve, flocculus, choroid plexus and taenia the surgeon can locate exactly the CNC for this stimulation. We investigated location, diameter and surrounding structures of the CNC on 10 human brains fixed in 10% formalin-solution and on 9 histological series of these subjects.
Movements of the mandible are recorded in vivo by a measuring system (MT 1602) that takes all 6 degrees of freedom of a rigid body into account. Class-I-patients were asked to move their mandible in the sagittalvertical plane. The evaluation of the measurements yields an almost plane mandibular movement that only uses 2 degrees of freedom although a general plane movement normally possesses 3 degrees and although the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a certain space of motion. This quantitative reduction of the degrees of freedom by one is produced by a neuro-muscularly guided dimeric link chain that cannot directly be related to anatomical landmarks. The diverse types of mandibular motion of a sound patient differ in the constant ratio of the angular velocities around the 2 axes of the dimeric link chain. Therefore, the paths of the individual mandibular points are epicycloids or hypocycloids. Patients with disorders of the TMJ and the neuromuscular feedback system do no longer show this constancy of the angular velocities' ratio.Besides that, we theoretically derive and empirically prove the fact that common axiographs do not record the "path of the hinge axis" of the TMJ, on principle. In this context we discuss some - in dentistry and anatomy widespread - fundamental misconceptions of the rigid body's kinematics.
The possibility of connections between Canalis mastoideus and Cellulae mastoideae is checked by means of probation in 30 human skulls and 10 selected skulls (out of this 30) by x-ray investigation. In 4 cases such connection were seen. It is evident that the migration of inflammations along such connections is possible.
On the basis of the ultrastructure of the Haversian lamellar system of bones analyses from the biomechanical viewpoint were undertaken. Instead of computed results preference was given to comparisons with tubes, fibres and nets so as to demonstrate clearly the building principle and movement phenomena. From the cours of the collagenous fibres the tensil strains could be discerned which facilitated to determine also the direction of the compressive strains. The mineral components of the bone tissue are oriented toward the direction of the compressive strains. The construction principle of the lamella, however, facilitates reversible deformations and thus regeneration processes which distinguishes it from other technical building principles.
Lymphaticovenous Communications were searched in the mammary glands of 24 bitches. Injections of indian ink into the interstice of living animals were followed after death by the filling of the veins with latex and barium sulphate. Afterwards, the used techniques were: microdissection, angiography, clarification and histological section. The results obtained would seem to prove the existence of Lymphovenous Anastomoses. The roles of these communications in the canine mammary gland neoplasia are discussed.
The stimulation of the proximal auditory nerve or the Cochlear Nuclear Complex (CNC) situated in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle is a possibility of hearing rehabilitation for patients suffering from bilateral deafness by bilateral cerebellopontine-angle tumors or by transsections of cochlear nerves on both sides. Using such anatomical landmarks as proximal cochlear nerv, flocculus, choroid plexus and taenia the surgeon can locate exactly the CNC for this stimulation. We investigated location, diameter and surrounding structures of the CNC on 10 human brains fixed in 10% formalin-solution and on 9 histological series of these subjects.
In 100 human brains the spot and the mode of emergence of the 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerves where investigated. In analogy to spinal nerves a fusion of Fila radicularia to roots and of roots to the complete nerves could be described. For the 3rd nerve 3 types had to be distinguished: in 21% there was only 1 root, in 71% there were 2 roots, one of which emerged from the Sulcus n. oculomotorii and the other from the Crus cerebri and in 8% 2 roots formed a tong embracing the medical part of the Crus cerebri. The number of rootlets of the 4th nerve varied from 1 to 5; most frequently - in 45% - there were 2. The 6th nerve shows 3 types: in 46% 1 root, in 47% 2 roots and in 7% 3 roots.
A bone canal was found in the apical part of a Pars petrosa, connecting the Sinus petrosus superior and the "Foramen petrobasilare", which is a Foremen emissarium of the Sinus petrosus inferior. This canal was interpreted as a Canalis emissarius of the Sinus petrosus superior.
The biomechanical process which lead to the development of cracking sounds in the temporomandibular joints have received contradictory treatment in the literature. Most of the authors regard consider the cracking sounds to be caused by mechanical friction produced in translational movements of the condylus. According to this hypothesis the discus articularis which is dislocated in an anterior direction by active pulling of the lateral pterygoid muscle, is regarded as being a mechanical obstacle. The morphological relationships however, between the lateral pterygoid muscle and the discus articularis are unclear. Our histomorphological investigations of 16 human temporomandibular joint samples from fresh cadavers of victims of accidental death revealed evidence that in the majority of cases a tendon connected the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle with the discus articularis. This would suggest that an anterior dislocation of the discus, resulting from an active pulling movement of the lateral pterygoid muscle, cannot be ruled out as a possible morphological cause for cracking sounds.
In 30 devinitive positioned, human, cadaver kneejoints a single linear drillpass, in direction of the anterior cruciate ligament, suitable for reconstruction or replacement, was installed by the help of a drillguide through femur and tibia. Morphometric data of kneejoints and drillpasses underwent correlation-and regressionanalysis which showed, that the superficial drillholes in femur and tibia could be described by four functions to fix the course of a single linear drillpass individually.
Because there are a lot of contradictionary opinions in the literature we investigated the intra- and extraosseous pathway of the Chorda tympani by dissecting the heads of 6 cadavers. The Chorda nerve leaves the temporal boned in the Fissura sphenopetrusa behind the Spina ossis sphenoidalis. In an angle of 24-degrees - 28-degrees the Chorda nerve connects up with the lingual nerve. The extraosseous distance is about 1.3 to 3 time longer than the intraosseous one. The individual variations of the intraosseous distance are greater than those of the extraosseous one. This is behalf the individual variations in the structure of the temporal bone.
A new histological method basing on the plastination technique (v. HAGENS, TIEDEMANN, KRIZ 1987) has recently been developed and applied to research in human fetal development. This plastination histology shows some evident advantages compared with the classical histological techniques. As the application of this new method has been very time consuming up to now, only some special questions of basic research have been investigated. We here present the use of a grinding-maschine, which can be used to partially mechanize the procedure of plastination histology.
Measurements on 319 macerated scapulae showed a size of the surface of the glenoid cavity between 3,5 and 9,7 cm2. We tried also to evaluate the size of this surface in living humans. This is principly possible, but in 10% of all scapulate there is an error range of more than +/- 1 cm2. The error range in small scapulae (> 5 cm2) can be reduced to +/- 0,58 cm2. The shoulder joint is not a ligament but a muscle dependent joint. Therefore the adhesion in this joint, relying on the smaller surface is very important. The small surface of cavitas glenoidals in the contex of habituel shoulder dislocation could be an important role.
The topographical anatomy of the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa is investigated. 194 preparations from 98 adult specimens are examined (53 male, 45 female). Our important findings are the following: 1. In 29 of 96 specimens (in 2 cases only one side was available) the maxillary artery is located on the outer side of the external pterygoid muscle on one side of the head whereas on the opposite side of the same head it is situated on the inner side of the external pterygoid muscle. 2. in our dissections the maxillary artery is running more frequently medial to the external pterygoid muscle (107 out of 194 preparations; 55.2%) 3. in 2 cases the relation of the maxillary artery to the branches of the mandibular nerve is considerable interesting. 4. An accessory meningeal artery is found in 9 cases (4.6%). 5. In 2 cases the maxillary artery perforates the lingual nerve.
The surface of 173 of right maxillar and mandibular teeth were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance technique. After particular preparation of the teeth the surface of their roots was covered with a layer of marker substance, before freezing them in liquid nitrogen. Resonance spectra were recorded under special standard conditions with an estimated error of 7% for the measurements. The method presented in this paper proved to be suitable for measuring the largeness of the surface of the root of human teeth and can find further application for solving other problems in descriptive anatomy.
