The sternalis muscle, an anatomical variant situated superficial to the pectoralis major muscle, has long been a subject of anatomical curiosity due to its sporadic occurrence and unsettled characteristics, including its embryological lineageunctionalandf role. Therefore, in light of a case of unilateral sternalis, we inspected the existing literature, emphasizing this variant'simportancefroman embryologic and clinical standpoint, as well as the muscle's background, source of innervation, and classification. A unilateral sternalismuscewas observed in a 97-year-old male cadaver during routine dissections for educational purposes, displaying distinctive toattachmentsthsternum and the 4th rib. The variation was photographed, and a digital caliper utilized with a measurement range of 0 to150 mm andccuracyaanof 0.02 mm. The muscle was left unilateral and positioned between the upper margin of the 2nd rib and lower margin of the4thlateralrib,to the sternum and superficial to the pectoralis major muscle. Examining this variation from an embryologic and clinical sstandpoint,wellasa learning about its background, prevalence, innervation, and classification, is critical for both anatomists and clinicians,enthegivariant's ability to simulate pathological entities on diagnostic imaging and influence surgical planning.

Purpose: Galen's anastomosis, which is placed over the dorsal surface of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, is formed by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the dorsal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). This study aims to contribute literature about the prevalence of Galen's anastomosis which is still a controversial issue and indicates the prevalence of this type of anastomosis in both sides of the larynx and indicate the importance of this anastomosis in different neck surgeries and procedures. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-two adult formalin-fixed hemilaryngeal (11 larynx) specimens' anatomical micro-dissection were performed on both sides (right-left) posteriorly. Every specimen consisted of larynx, trachea, epiglottis, and hyoid bone. Internal laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and inferior thyroid artery were freed up connective tissue to better analyze their relationship and to find their exact course with termination point. Results: In our current study, total Galen's anastomosis prevalence was found %54.53 with %27.27 right single trunk, %18.18 left single trunk, 4.54 left plexus formation, and 4.54 left double trunk. There has not been any anastomotic structure in %22.72 of the left side and in %22.72 of the right side microdissection of laryngeal specimens. Conclusion: During laryngeal or thyroid surgery, observation of an unknown intralaryngeal branching pattern may lead to confusion and may increase the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury, thus it is crucial to contribute to the literature about microanatomy and prevalence of Galen's anastomosis.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the convexity angle of facial tissue and fingerprint types by analyzing the connection between dermatoglyphic prints and facial structure. A total of 65 adults (24 females, 41 males) participated in the study. Each participant’s fingerprint was analyzed using conventional methods of observation upon the index finger of the dominant hand. Fingerprints were classified into 3 fundamental types: arch, whorl, or loop. Craniofacial profiling was performed with measurements of hard tissue (Gl’-A-Pg’) and soft tissue facial convexity (Gl-Sn-Pg) and total facial convexity (Gl-Prn-Pg) angles between 3 anthropological points determined on the lateral direct radiographs of the participants. Soft tissue convexity facial angle (Gl-Sn-Pg) values were found to be an average of 166.83° in females and an average of 162.05° in males. (Gl-Prn-Pg) values were found to be an average of 138.54° in females and 135.27° in males. The soft tissue profile of males showed a significantly convex structure compared with females. Also, the “whorl” type of fingerprint was found to be dominant in both sexes. There is no statistically significant difference in terms of soft tissue profile convexity in individuals belonging to the 3 different fingerprint groups. No statistically significant difference in soft tissue profile angular values between right-hand thumb and index fingerprint type groups were found among and between sexes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between the nose, lips, mouth, ear, and eyes and fingerprints of the same person may prove to be beneficial.

Analysis of nonmetric cranial variants has been essential for identifying the human population through osteologic analysis and genetic affinities. This study aimed to examine the nonmetric cranial variants to evaluate differences among sex and side correlations in Anatolian dry skulls. This study was carried out on 50 Anatolian adult dry human skulls (22 males, 28 females) with suitable features (nonfractured and/or with necessary features) out of a total of 97 dry skulls. After sex analysis, each skull was photographed from the norma frontalis, lateralis, inferior, and superior. Eleven nonmetrical cranial variants were investigated. The cranial variants and side incidences were analyzed to determine their sex differences and interside correlations. After the classification, traits were marked as "present" or "absent" on the charts. Some variants in female crania were seen more frequently than in males. Most of the variants such as the supraorbital notch, infraorbital and zygomaticofacial foramen, showed high correlations between the right and left sides. Overall, there were no statistically significant sex or side differences found in the Anatolian crania.

•Total length of the mandible was correlated with the bite and chewing forces.•The correlation between anterior segment and total mandibular length was 0.032 (p = 0.733).•The correlation between the posterior segment and the total mandible lengths was 0.223 (p = 0.016).•We have revealed a positive but weak correlation between the total length and the posterior segment force.

Veterinary medicine was recognized as a scientific discipline for the first time in 1762 in France. After a while, the first Ottoman-Turkish veterinary school was established in 1842, primarily for the improvement and welfare of army horses. There is not much detailed information about the content of the anatomy education and materials in the early days of veterinary schools apart from the anecdote that Gurlt's illustrated anatomy books were being used. The purpose of this study is to research anatomy education in the 19th century, when Ottoman-Turkish veterinary medicine was established, as well as the Papier-mâché models used in anatomy education, searching primary and secondary sources that can be accessed online. It has been determined that the normal and pathological anatomy models of humans and various domestic animals made by Dr. Auzoux were ordered to be used in the anatomy education of the newly established veterinary schools. The whereabouts of these models, which did not reference in publications until now, are unknown. However, examining these models is regarded to be crucial for understanding the veterinary anatomy perspective and educational content of the period.

•Suprahyoid region of 40 cadavers were dissected bilaterally to observe digastric muscle variations.•Classification the variations were done according to previous studies.•10 variations were identified in the digastric muscle of 40 cadavers.•A photographic study of different variations were presented to take attention to related surgeons.

PURPOSE:Precise knowledge of the level of the vocal fold as projected on the external thyroid cartilage is of critical importance for the performance of many surgical approaches. This study aims to identify the level of the anterior commissure, as well as the lengths of the vocal muscle and arytenoid cartilage in Turkish population. MATERIALS AND METHOD:Specimens were collected after autopsy from the Council of Forensic Medicine. One hundred human larynges (52 men, 48 women; age range: 25-80 years) were dissected under a stereomicroscope. Projection of the vocal fold was analyzed in relation to the superior thyroid (A) and the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage (B). Then, the larynx was dissected parallel to the level of the vocal fold to measure the length of the vocal muscle (C) and the length of the interarytenoid space (D). RESULTS:The mean value of the "a" was 9.15 ± 1.99 mm in male and 9.38 ± 3.43 mm in female. Mean value of the "b" was 10.54 ± 1.73 mm and 8.88 ± 1.81 mm in male and female, respectively. The mean value of the parameter corresponding the length of vocal muscle which was "c" was found 15.00 ± 3.18 mm in male and 12.88 ± 4.12 mm in female. The mean value of the interarytenoid space "d" was 8.31 ± 1.76 mm in male and 8.13 ± 1.90 mm in female. Comparing between genders, no statistical differences were observed in parameters of a, c, d, a + b, a + b/2 (P > .05). However, the difference with female and male for the parameters of b and c + d was statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSION:Our results indicate that the anterior commissure projects slightly above the midline height for male and at the level to slightly below in female subjects in Turkish population.

Museums are used in every discipline to collect, classify, and present information for scientific purposes. They also serve as an effective educational medium. Since the establishment of a boutique anatomy museum at Bahçeşehir University, lectures, conferences, and seminars have been organized there over the past four years on the history of human anatomy and the human body. In order to raise awareness about the need to make anatomy accessible to kindergarteners and school‐aged children, rather than exclusively to undergraduate students, activities that are suited to a wide range of ages have been developed at the museum and at the anatomy laboratory. Four different sessions were conducted, including activities such as lectures using plastic models as props, shaping organs out of playdough, anatomy puzzles, watching cartoons, and examining specimens through a microscope. Healthy and pathologic anatomies were chosen to match daily themes. Among the kindergarteners and elementary school children, no grading was done, nor was any questionnaire administered; however, a survey was administered in the 10–12 age group ( N = 64). According to the students' written feedback, 93.75% said they “are happy with microscope activities” while 84.37% said they “had so much fun” participating in the playdough activities. However, 18.75% criticized the activities, saying they “could have been longer.” In conclusion, it is believed that these “getting to know our bodies” activities that were hosted in the anatomy museum, including conferences, workshops, material preparation, and instructional movies, may play an important role in the development of a healthy society.

Accurate knowledge of the dimension, shape, and morphology of larynx and its complex anatomy is a prerequisite for performing surgery of the larynx. Population differences are important not only for planning surgical interventions but also for performing an operation. Previous morphometrical studies on the larynx had shown variable results obtained from different populations, including Western and Eastern ones, yet information about larynx morphometry in Anatolian population is limited. The purpose of this study is to make more statistical data available for Anatolian population and help clinicians for surgical approaches related to this area. Ten parameters from anterior and lateral views were measured on 50 thyroid cartilages taken from autopsy specimens (28 male, 22 female). Specimens were removed and dissected under stereomicroscope after routine fixation procedure. Those with visible deformations were eliminated during dissections. Statistical evaluations and comparisons were done for a comprehensive description. Significant sexual differences were observed. Mean values for all parameters were higher in males than in females. These results were compared with already existing anatomical data of other populations. This study on larynx specimens from different regions of Anatolia provides a general knowledge of thyroid cartilage dimensions. The obtained results can have great clinical influence on surgical approaches to the related area and give information for anthropomorphic studies.

•CN VI plays a major role in the clinic due to its intracranial and extracranial course.•Considering the anatomical and topographical differences, 4 distinct variations were observed and named as variation types A through D.•Awareness of these variations will be crucial especially for surgeries related to petroclival region.

•This study represents three dimentional morphologic ultrastructural chances of diabetic rat tongue via scanning electron microscopy.•We observed candidal and hyphal colonisation on the papillar and epithelial structure of the tongue.•The morphological atrophic changes of lingual mucosa and the median rhomboid glossitis which is primary finding of candidal infection are characteristic observations on the lingual mucosa of the streptozotocin treated rats.

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the influence of smoke exposure of variable duration on the ultrastructure of and histopathologic and morphologic alterations in the olfactory epithelium.Methods: A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups and fed a standard rat chow and tap water. Experimental rats in groups I and II were exposed to cigarette smoke in a glass cabin over a period of 2months for 5 or 15min, respectively, four times daily; control rats (group III) were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After dissection, all tissue specimens were processed using routine procedures for TEM.Results: Groups I and II exhibited the presence of intraepithelial inflammatory cells and especially deep invaginations in the nuclear membrane of supporting cells. Extended intercellular spaces, cytoplasmic protrusions on the apical surface of supporting cells, atrophy of microvilli and olfactory neuron cilia as well as numerous electron-dense granular structures and lysosome-like structures were observed to an increasing degree from group I to group II. Particularly in group II, both supporting cells and olfactory neurons exhibited a cytoplasmic edema, mitochondrial degeneration, and numerous vacuolar structures, as well as apoptotic and minimal necrotic changes. In this group, hyperplasia of basal cells was also observed.Conclusion: Our electron microscopic findings show that cigarette smoke leads to toxic degenerative changes in the rat olfactory mucosa.

BACKGROUND:Medical education in Ottoman-Turkish medicine was shaped by the influence of Claudius Galenus (c.130-c.210) and Ibn-i Sina (c.980-c.1037). These teachings were performed in madrasahs until the beginning of the 19th century. Within the scope of master-apprentice relationship, medical training was also given in private clinics. As a result of religious and social pressures on scientific studies, human cadavers were never used because they were considered sacred. For centuries, all books were handwritten in the Ottoman Empire until the first printing press was established in Istanbul during 1726. However, the first illustrated book on anatomy was not printed until another 100 years later.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A comparative study was conducted on the anatomical drawings in "Miratü'l Ebdan Fi Teşrih-i Azau'l İnsan" (Ataullah ŞM, 17th), and significance of this book.RESULTS:Forty-six out of 56 figures were received from the book of physician and anatomist Jean Palfin (1650-1730). Remaining 9 figures were cited from author himself as collected from Bernard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1170), Raymond Vieussens (1614-1715), R. Drake (1667-1707), Clopton Havers (1657-1702), Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777), Joseph Guichard Duverney (1648-1730). The figures were drawn exactly the same way with minimal changes. Main text of the book is mostly translation from Italian edition of Bertin and Palfin's Works. The book is not only the first printed anatomical book but also the first printed work in Ottoman-Turkish medicine. Another very significant aspect of the illustrations are perspective drawing figures which differ from miniature style drawings of the past.CONCLUSIONS:Şânîzade Ataullah's work has a significant value not only for being the first printed illustrated anatomy book which makes it more approachable but also for providing anatomical drawings as illustrations not as miniature style painting.

The variations of the hyoid bone has a great significance for surgical procedures of neck region, and in forensic medicine for evidence of strangulation or hanging, which causes fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphol ogical and morphometrical variations of the hyoid bone in Anatolian population. A total of 60 adult larynx specimens (46 male, 14 fema le) were dissected to identify morphological and morphometrical variations of hyoid. The infrahyoid muscles and thyrohyoid membrane were cut and ligamentous structures of bone were removed. The variations of shape of the hyoid were classified into six types: A (U-shap ed) hyoid bone observed in 31.7 % (19 bones), a horseshoe-H-type in 10 % (6 bones), a B-type hyoid in 31.7 % (19 bones), a D-type hyoid i n % 15 (9 bones), a V-type bone in % 5 (3 bones) and HK-type bone in 6.7 % (4 bones) of all necks. The breadth, width and major transv erse axis were approximately measured as 40.4 mm, 28.4 mm and 33.5 mm, repectively. It has been found that the hyoid bones of Anatolian population had morphologically important differences than in other populations.To understand the anatomical variations and meas urements of this bone is of valuable importance with regard to clinical practice and forensic medicine.

BACKGROUND:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common degenerative neurological disorders among elderly people, and is associated with progressive cerebral atrophy. AD is characterized by deterioration of the memory, difficulties with language, alterations in behavior and dysfunction in daily activities.OBJECTIVES:The purpose of the present study was to measure the total volumes of different parts of the brain of AD patients and healthy gender-matched controls using Cavalieri's volume estimate method, and to establish some brain ratios. Moreover, the authors wanted to test this method in measuring the volumes of various parts of the brain from MRI scans.MATERIAL AND METHODS:In this study, the MRI scans of 15 right-handed individuals with probable AD and 10 healthy controls were assessed. Cavalieri's volume estimate method was applied to the brain MRI scans to calculate the volumes of various parts of the brain.RESULTS:While the measurements showed a marked increase in the volume of cerebral ventricles and sulci in AD patients in comparison to the gender-matched controls, the volumes of cortical gray matter and cerebral hemispheric brain matter were reduced considerably. However, no significant differences were detected in the volume of the cerebellum + brainstem or intracranium in AD patients. There were also no major variations between male and female values of the two groups.CONCLUSIONS:Overall, cerebral hemisphere and cortical gray matter atrophies were the most remarkable findings among AD patients in the present study; consequently, expansions of both the ventricles and subarachnoid space were formed. Cavalieri's volume estimate method was very efficient in calculating the volumes of different parts of brain from the MRI scans of both groups.

OBJECTIVES:The analysis and evaluation of the craniofacial profile structure and dermatoglyphic structures are a research subject particularly significant for the scientific areas of anatomy, anthropology, genetics, and criminology. Relevant studies show that both the craniofacial structure and dermatoglyphic structures carry genetic features and show their details. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between palm flexion line types in individuals and craniofacial morphologic structure. The link between these 2 significant genetic characteristics has been studied.METHODS:This research was done the Department of Anatomy in Eskişehir Osmangazi University in 2002. During the study, the whole essential and ethics conditions have been done.This study has been carried out on 170 individuals: 87 women and 83 men. Photographic analysis was used to take facial profiles and palm lines of the individuals in the research sample. Muzj and Ricketts soft-tissue analyses were used to identify the craniofacial type. Diversification of palm flexion line types were classified for the individuals whose craniofacial types were identified.RESULTS:No relationship was observed between the profile structures classified as linear and angular according to Muzj method and flexion line types in the right and left hands. Also, there was no relationship observed between the labium superior and labium inferior values of the individuals, the distance of which to E line was calculated according to the Ricketts method and the flexion line types in the right and left hands.CONCLUSIONS:No precise relationship was found in the same individuals between the craniofacial morphologic structure and palm flexion line types.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the incidence of the asymptomatic thyroglossal duct anomalies and to review the literature and make comments on the significance of this condition. METHODS:A total of 80 cadavers were dissected in the present study. This study was carried out during 2005, where the cadavers were randomly included from the criminal laboratories of the Ministry of Justice, Republic of Turkey in Istanbul. None of the cadavers had laryngeal and cervical injuries resulting from a trauma or the cause of their death. The examined cadavers included 59 men and 21 females, and their age were ranged from 35-80 years old. The larynges were removed and fixed in 10% formalin and then dissected. The sections were examined using surgical SMZ 10 Nikon stereomicroscope. We evaluated the presence, localization, and diameter of the cysts with regard to age and sex of the cadavers. RESULTS:We observed a total of 12 different localization of thyroglossal ducts and cysts among the dissected 80 cadavers. Ten of these ducts cysts were found in males with an age range of 35-68 years and 2 in female cadavers aged 46-65 years. In 6 cases, the thyroglossal ducts and cysts were located in the left of the midline of the neck, while 3 cases were from the right of the midline, and the remaining was located on the midline of the neck. In all cases, thyroglossal ducts and cysts were complete and restricted to the infrahyoid region; all of them had connection with the hyoid bone, but not with the perichondrium of the cartilage. In addition, the thyroglossal ducts had connection with the left lobe of the thyroid glands in 3 cases, one case in the right lobe, and 2 cases with the isthmus of the thyroid gland. Finally, in 5 cases thyroglossal ducts were complete and had well-developed cysts. CONCLUSION:Thyroglossal duct remnants are one of the most often seen congenital asymptomatic masses of the neck region (7%). The presence of these duct remnants may lead to abnormal phonation and epithelial carcinomas. Therefore, correlation of the rate of thyroglossal duct remnants in a population together with the related clinical symptoms can lead to an early diagnosis and better treatment chances for these problems.

In the developing cerebellum, generation times of macroneurons and microneurons occur during pre- and postnatal period, respectively. In this study, to investigate the effects of prenatal stress exposure on cerebellar neuronal development, the granule-to-Purkinje cell ratio of stressed animals was compared with their age-matched controls. In the experimental group, pregnant dams were immobilized on their gestational day 7 and 14, for 6 h. The cerebella of the offspring were removed at postnatal day (P) 30, and granule-to-Purkinje cell ratios, obtained by dividing the numerical density of granule cells (NVg) by that of Purkinje cells (NVP), were found significantly reduced (24%) in the stressed animals. Since volume fraction of granular to molecular layer or white matter to whole cortex was not affected from stress exposure, the deficit seen in this ratio reflects an existent increase in the numerical density of Purkinje cells, rather than a decrease in the number of granule cells. In parallel, the linear density of Purkinje cells (NBP) and the percentage of proliferating cells, immunolabeled with BrdU, were also found significantly higher in stressed animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate that intrauterine stress changes the morphology and numerical density of cerebellar neurons by primarily affecting the actively dividing cells during the selected stress period.