In the agro-industrial complex (AIC), a group of relatively rare antimicrobial drugs is used in addition to medically critical antibiotics; they are not considered to have a significant impact on the problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. As is the case with growth stimulants and fungicides, certain types of antiparasitic antibiotics and insecticides, as well as food additives and preservatives, are recommended for use in the agricultural sector. These drugs differ from those used in medicine in terms of their mechanisms of action. They can act as inhibitors of the functions of cell membranes, growth factors, synthesis of the cell wall of bacteria and fungi, synthesis of nucleic acids, as well as disrupt cellular balance. The review notes that although the compounds under consideration do not pose an immediate threat to the development of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms, the drugs based on these compounds can still affect the increase in the level of resistance of other microorganisms circulating in the environment.
Antibiotic resistance represents one of the pressing challenges of contemporary clinical practice, as it contributes to increased mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and a growing economic burden on healthcare systems. This problem is of particular significance in infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , for which the timely selection of rational antibacterial therapy directly affects prognosis. The aim of the present review is to synthesize current evidence on the value of rapid methods for pathogen identification and antibiotic resistance mechanism detection in optimizing antibiotic therapy. The literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar, Springer Link, and ScienceDirect; a total of 70 publications were included in the analysis. The capabilities of multiplex PCR panels, MALDI-TOF MS, rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods, metagenomic sequencing, and ancillary biomarkers are examined. It has been demonstrated that rapid diagnostics can shorten the time to appropriate therapy, accelerate escalation upon detection of resistant strains, facilitate de-escalation, and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. The most pronounced clinical effect is achieved when rapid diagnostic tests are integrated into antimicrobial stewardship programs involving microbiologists, clinical pharmacologists, and infectious disease specialists. At the same time, data on the impact of rapid diagnostics on mortality rates, length of hospital stay, and economic costs remain heterogeneous, which is attributable to local epidemiological indicators, the availability of technologies, the organization of laboratory workflows, and the quality of clinical interpretation of results.
Background . Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has high medical and social significance, as it is shaped by clinical, veterinary, agricultural, and environmental processes, as well as horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements. Its analysis requires the assessment of individual resistance genes, experimental models, diagnostic approaches, as well as surveillance systems that track antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) across human, animal, and environmental reservoirs. The aim of the study was to summarize data on experimental and computational models of ARG dissemination, characterize selected AMR markers, and evaluate current methods for their detection. Material and methods . A narrative review with a transparent search strategy and thematic synthesis was conducted. The search included PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar; the last search was performed on May 2, 2026. After full-text assessment, 46 sources were included in the review. Results. The review discusses blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaOXA-23, floR and intI1 markers, as well as mobile genetic elements involved in their dissemination. It summarizes the strengths and limitations of in vitro models, gut models, mouse models, biofilm systems, mathematical modelling, AST, PCR/qPCR, WGS, mNGS, machine learning, and CRISPR-Cas12a diagnostics. Conclusion . CRISPR-Cas12a platforms may support rapid targeted screening of predefined ARGs but do not replace phenotypic susceptibility testing or genome-scale analysis. The most robust strategy is the integration of AST, WGS/mNGS, targeted molecular diagnostics, machine learning, and One Health surveillance.
Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units, and its course is frequently complicated by sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which substantially worsen the prognosis. The aim of this review was to systematize current concepts regarding the role of antibacterial therapy in the comprehensive management of patients with sepsis complicated by coagulopathy. Antibacterial therapy is regarded as an essential component of treatment directed at eliminating the infectious trigger of thromboinflammation. The most strongly supported requirement that remains is early infection control when there is a high probability of bacterial sepsis or septic shock, including adequate empiric therapy and source control. At the same time, the extent to which antibiotics specifically influence the dynamics of coagulopathy remains less well studied, as most studies do not stratify patients by coagulation status or source of infection. The review discusses the diagnostic role of biomarkers — namely, procalcitonin, presepsin, C-reactive protein, extracellular free DNA, complement markers, antithrombin activity, and fibrinogen. Evidence indicates that these may assist in assessing infectious burden, the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and prognosis; however, none should be used as an autonomous criterion for initiating or discontinuing antibiotics and anticoagulants. The organ-specific nature of sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation further demonstrates that the source of infection influences prognosis, the feasibility of source control, baseline antithrombin activity, and the potential applicability of anticoagulant interventions. A clinical framework is proposed, founded on early adequate antibacterial therapy, concurrent assessment of coagulation status, active source control, individualized antibiotic dosing in the presence of organ dysfunction and extracorporeal support, and the consideration of anticoagulant therapy only after evaluation of the coagulation phenotype, source of infection, and bleeding risk. The need for prospective studies stratified by coagulation status and source of infection is emphasized in order to refine optimal therapeutic strategies.
The problem of comorbid infections remains the focus of modern rheumatology. The second part of this review presents currently effective data on the frequency and localization of major infections in rheumatological patients treated with antiB-cell drugs. The analyzed publications highlight numerous potential infection risks associated with anti-B-cell therapy, primarily with rituximab. Long-term randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to identify strategies for monitoring and personalized infection risk management for patients receiving treatment with these drugs.
Objective. The prophylactic efficacy of a three-component drug regimen (glutamyl-tryptophan, bendazole, and ascorbic acid) against acute respiratory viral infections and influenza in individuals at increased risk of viral infection susceptibility was evaluated. Material and methods . A total of 340 people at high risk of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza were examined. 100 people received only glutamyl-tryptophan, 107 received the three-component drug regimen; 133 people formed the comparison group. Results . A decrease in the incidence rate was noted in the group receiving Cytovir-3 for all registered categories of respiratory diseases: acute respiratory viral infections decreased by 36.0% (P < 0.001); acute bronchitis — by 20.7%; (P < 0.001); pneumonia — by 17.6% (P < 0.001). Conclusion . The studied three-component drug regimen (glutamyl-tryptophan, bendazole, and ascorbic acid) had a significant preventive effect against all forms of acute bronchopulmonary pathology examined.
Background . The only conservative treatment for diffuse toxic goiter currently is the use of antithyroid drugs — thiamazole and propylthiouracil. Agranulocytosis occurs in approximately 0.2–0.5% of patients, usually at the beginning of treatment with thiamazole or propylthiouracil, but may also occur later, even during repeated therapy. Mortality among patients with agranulocytosis reaches 4%. The aim of this article is to present a clinical case of a patient with a long-standing diffuse toxic goiter, as well as several relapses of thyrotoxicosis due to irregular administration of antithyroid therapy, and the development of agranulocytosis during the next course of treatment. Description of the clinical case. A detailed conservative treatment of both thyrotoxicosis and agranulocytosis is reflected. Aspects of surgical treatment and anesthetic care are discussed. Discussion . To rapidly achieve euthyroidism, both unfairly neglected methods, such as short-term inorganic iodine supplementation and modern plasmapheresis, were used. This combination of therapeutic approaches allowed for radical surgery. Conclusions . The combination of modern extracorporeal detoxification methods and inorganic iodine therapy enabled rapid achievement of euthyroidism and radical surgery in this clinical case.
This article describes a case of severe pulmonary hypertension in a 3-year-old boy with postmortem detection of pathogenic heterozygous variants of the MMACHC gene, which are associated with methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria. Awareness and timely diagnosis of this rare disorder, along with correction of metabolic disturbances associated with defects in intracellular vitamin B12 metabolism, can improve outcomes, leading to complete or partial remission of pulmonary hypertension.
Background . Antibiotics are classified into «time-dependent», «concentration-dependent», and «concentration-and-timedependent» based on the relationship of their effectiveness and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters: T >МIC (time of the dosing interval during which the concentration of the antibiotic exceeds MIC), C MAX /MIC (ratio of maximal concentration to MIC), or AUC/MIC (the ratio of the area under the pharmacokinetic curve to MIC), is currently undergoing significant revision. The aim of the study . Analysis of the relationships between the values of AUC/MIC and T >МIC and the effects of doripenem and levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro dynamic model. Materials and methods . Clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa 180 and P. aeruginosa 52 were exposed to doripenem or levofloxacin at different dosing regimens, including the therapeutic ones, in an in vitro dynamic model for 5 consecutive days. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the integral parameter AUBC; the relationship between the effect of each antibiotic and AUC/MIC or T >МIC was studied. The presence of a statistically significant dependence proves the ability of the parameter to predict the effect. Results . The maximum antimicrobial effect of doripenem was observed in the setting that simulated the therapeutic dose of the antibiotic, while a comparable effect of levofloxacin was achievable under conditions simulating double therapeutic dose and only for one P. aeruginosa strain. The relationships «effect — AUC/MIC or T >МIC » were described by the Hill equation, in the case of doripenem with equally high r 2 , and in the case of levofloxacin, a reliable relationship was established only with the AUC/MIC parameter. Conclusion . According to our results, the PK/PD parameter associated with the effect of levofloxacin is AUC/MIC, and in the case of doripenem, the parameters AUC/MIC and T >МIC correlated with its effect equally well. Therefore, AUC/MIC can be considered a universal PK/PD parameter applicable for predicting the effect of both concentration-and-time- and time-dependent antibiotics, since it takes into account both exposure indicators: time and concentration.
Background. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a clinically significant pathogen associated with a broad spectrum of infectious diseases, characterized by genetic diversity and the formation of successful clones. The aim of the study was to analyze the molecular genetic characteristics of clinical K. pneumoniae strains ( n = 35) isolated from the lower respiratory tract, blood, and urine of patients in Moscow, Vologda, and Yakutsk in 2021–2023 and deposited in the collection of the State Clinical Hospital «Obolensk». Material and methods . Bacteria were identified using a MALDI-TOF Biotyper (Bruker, Germany), and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using a Vitek 2 Compact (BioMireux, France) and serial dilution in broth. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes ( rmpA, iroN, iroD, uge, wabG, kfu, fimH, allS, and allR ) were detected via PCR. Whole genome analysis (GenoLab M) was performed using BLAST, PubMLST, and other methods. Results . Strains were isolated from neurosurgical and COVID-19 patients in Moscow. The ST512 (KL37/107) and ST395 (KL2/39) genetic lineages were predominant, with ST874 (KL45), ST147 (KL64), ST336 (KL25), ST11 (KL27), and ST1773 (KL123) being less common. The following antibiotic resistance genes were identified: bla SHV-106/121/28/182 , bla TEM-1B , bla CTX-M-15 , bla KPC-3 , bla NDM-1 , bla OXA-48 , armA, aph (3›)-VI; aac (3)-IIa/d, aac (6›)-Ib-cr; aph (3›)-Ia/VI, aadA2, sul1/2, fosA, catA1/B3, msrE, mphA, ermB, tetA . The strains isolated in Vologda from patients with COVID-19 complicated by pneumonia were classified as ST874(K45), ST395(K64), and carried the genes bla NDM-1/5 ; bla TEM-1B , bla SHV-121 , bla CTX-M-15 , armA, aph (3›)-VI; aac (3)-IId, aac (6›)-Ib-cr; aadA2, sul1/2; fosA; msrE; rmtB; catA1 and mphA . The strains isolated in Yakutsk were classified as ST307 (KL102), ST23 (KL57), ST147 (KL64), and less frequently as ST395 (KL108) and ST3551 (KL64). They carried the genes bla SHV-11/67/106/75/28/182 , bla OXA-48 , bla OXA-1 , bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B , aac (3)-IIa, aac (6›)-Ib-cr, aph (6)- Id, aadA1, rmtF, fosA/6, sul2, catA1/B3, tetA, rmtF . The following genes were identified: efflux pumps oqxAB, KpnFEHG, LptD, msbA, qacE1, H-NS, emrR, CRP, baeR , and marA; porins OmpK37, OmpK36, and OmpA ; and the outer membrane vesicle protein MdtQ . Resistance to fluoroquinolones is also caused by mutations in the gyrA (D87N) and parC (S80I) genes. The virulence genes wabG, fimH , and uge_2 were detected in all strains; rmpA was detected in 5 strains belonging to ST395, 23, and 147 from Moscow and Yakutsk; ugeE was detected in 4 strains of the capsular type KL64 (ST395 and 874) from Vologda. Conclusion . Consequently, the resistomes and virulomes of the studied K. pneumoniae strains were characterized, and their affiliation with successful international clones was established.
Background . Treatment of infectious, tumor, and cardiovascular diseases remains the most important task of modern medicine. The search for biologically active secondary metabolites allows us to detect natural compounds that can serve as the basis for the development of fundamentally new drugs. The use of original search methods and the involvement of new groups of organisms, including basidiomycetes, can significantly increase the efficiency of screening work and, ultimately, lead to the development of new, more effective drugs. The aim of the work was to reveal the ability of Basidiomycetes to produce sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBIs) and metabolites with antimicrobial properties. Material and methods . Basidiomycetes were grown using the submerged cultivation method. Biologically active compounds were obtained by extraction with ethyl acetate from the culture broth and with ethanol from the mycelium of the producers. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts with determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration was assessed using the serial dilution method in liquid media, as well as the agar diffusion assay. To detect SBIs, a test system with Halobacterium salinarum microbial culture, which possesses the mevalonate pathway of sterol biosynthesis, was used. Results . Basidiomycete strains belonging to the species C yclocybe cylindracea, Hericium erinaceus, Stropharia rugosoannulata and Hypsizygus ulmarius grown by submerged cultivation showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. In the microbial system of H. salinarum , the studied strains of C. cylindracea, S. rugosoannulata and H. ulmarius showed themselves as possible producers of SBIs. The strains C. cylindracea and H. ulmarius revealed the ability to form inhibitors of the early stages of sterol biosynthesis before the mevalonate formation. Conclusion. Among the 4 studied basidiomycete strains, 3 strains — C. cylindracea, S. rugosoannulata , and H. ulmarius — were identified as potential producers of SBIs. C. cylindracea and H. ulmarius strains demonstrated the ability to produce inhibitors of the early stages of sterol biosynthesis.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of escalating doses of a combination drug containing imidazolyl ethylamide of pentanedioic acid (IPA) and N,N'-bis-[2-(1,3-diazocyclopenta-2,4-dien-4-yl)ethyl] malonic acid diamide (XС9) in healthy volunteers. Material and methods . A phase I clinical study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the combination drug IPA + XС9 after single and subsequent multiple oral administration in healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteers were enrolled sequentially into three dose cohorts. Volunteers in Cohort 1 ( n = 6) received IPA + XС9 capsules containing 90 mg of IPA and 5 mg of XС9 (90 mg + 5 mg); volunteers in Cohort 2 ( n = 6) received capsules containing 90 mg IPA + 10 mg XC9 (90 mg + 10 mg); and volunteers in Cohort 3 ( n = 12) received capsules containing 90 mg IPA + 20 mg XC9 (90 mg + 20 mg). During the single-dose period, volunteers received one IPA + XC9 capsule corresponding to their dose cohort. Progression to multiple dosing and dose escalation were permitted only after the independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) reviewed the safety data. The washout period between the single-dose and multiple-dose periods was at least 7 days and no more than 21 days. Blood and urine samples were collected to determine the concentrations of the study drug’s active substances, IPA and XC9. Quantification of the active substances in plasma and urine was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results . During the singledose period, a slight dose-dependent effect of XC9 on the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of IPA was observed. At the highest studied dose of IPA + XС9 (90 mg + 20 mg), the C max and AUC 0–t for IPA were 301.37 ± 89.28 ng/mL and 1297.707 ± 469.535 ng × h/mL, respectively. During the single-dose period, the systemic exposure to XС9 in plasma increased in a dose-dependent manner. The highest C max and AUC 0–t values were observed at the 20 mg dose of XС9: 22.171 ± 8.644 ng/mL and 170.713 ± 48.346 ng × h/mL for C max and AUC 0–t , respectively. During the multiple-dose period, the C max, ss and AUC 0–τ for IPA after administration of the study drug at the 90 mg + 20 mg dose were 305.38 ± 120.43 ng/mL and 1426.108 ± 526.010 ng × h/mL, respectively, showing a weak dependence on the XС9 dose. The C max , ss and AUC 0–τ for XC9 at the maximum dose were 31.694 ± 8.491 ng/mL and 215.106 ± 59.871 ng × h/mL, respectively, demonstrating a dose-dependent increase. The pharmacokinetic parameters Ae (0–t) and R max , which reflect urinary excretion and maximum excretion rate, respectively, after a single dose of the study drug at the maximum dose were as follows: for IPA, 31390.317 ± 12193.271 µg and 5189.714 ± 2321.748 µg/h; and for XС9, 1054301.250 ± 452137.325 ng and 130015.240 ± 51728.662 ng/h. Regardless of the XС9 dose, the renal clearance of IPA remained constant during single dosing, ranging from 24 to 28 L/h, whereas the renal clearance of XС9 decreased with increasing doses (from 11.308 ± 4.111 L/h to 6.125 ± 1.430 L/h). In Cohort 3, during the multiple-dose period of IPA + XС9, the Ae (0–t) and R max values for IPA were 29563.529 ± 13674.235 µg and 4119.161 ± 2231.369 µg/h, and for XС9, they were 1671113.167 ± 733115.091 ng and 172748.875 ± 96684.186 ng/h, respectively. During the multiple-dose period, IPA renal clearance remained constant, ranging from 19 to 22 L/h, whereas XC9 renal clearance decreased with increasing doses. Conclusion . The study evaluated the plasma and urinary pharmacokinetics of IPA and XС9. A weak increase in IPA exposure was observed as the XС9 dose increased. Systemic exposure to XС9 increased in a dose-dependent manner in both the single-dose and multiple-dose periods. Regardless of the XС9 dose, the renal clearance of IPA remained constant, whereas the renal clearance of XС9 decreased with increasing doses. The results showed no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between IPA and XС9. Thus, the investigated combination of active substances meets current requirements for combination drug products.
Mycobacteriophages have attracted substantial interest for their potential in phage therapy, molecular biology, and biotechnology. The effectiveness of their isolation is largely determined by the characteristics of ecological biotopes and reservoirs that ensure the preservation, concentration, and circulation of phage particles in the environment. This review systematizes current data on the main ecological sources of mycobacteriophages, including soil and aquatic ecosystems, biofilm communities, rhizosphere and agroecological microenvironments, as well as biological and extreme reservoirs. The functional characteristics of ecological reservoirs of mycobacteriophages and their significance for the effectiveness of phage screening are discussed. Special attention is given to serial and exploratory approaches to the selection of sources for mycobacteriophage isolation. It is shown that the rational combination of standardized and ecologically specific biotopes contributes to the expansion of the genetic diversity of isolated mycobacteriophages and increases the efficiency of forming representative phage collections.
25 ноября 2025 г. ушёл из жизни Владимир Иванович Тишков — доктор химических наук, профессор кафедры химической энзимологии Химического факультета МГУ, известный учёный, наставник и педагог, член редколлегии нашего журнала «Антибиотики и химиотерапия», а также редколлегий журналов «Биохимия», «Вестник Московского Университета, Серия 2 Химия» и «Россия и Германия», член 3 диссертационных советов, заместитель председателя Экспертного совета ВАК РФ по органической химии, член правления Московского клуба Фонда Александра фон Гумбольдта, заслуженный профессор Московского государственного университета.
The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and prostate enucleation in elderly patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), taking into account nutritional status, and to evaluate the relevance of including Remaxol in their perioperative nutritional support regimens. Material and Methods. Data from 75 patient records aged 61–75 years were retrospectively analyzed. Of these, 50 patients (the study group) underwent transurethral resection, and 25 (the comparison group) underwent laser enucleation of the prostate. In addition to standard clinical and laboratory tests, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale and a sarcopenia test (gait test, bioimpedance analysis, and chair stand test) were performed. Based on the data obtained, an alimentary-volemic diagnosis was formed and nutritional deficiency was corrected. Results. When comparing the effects of surgical treatments for BPH in elderly patients (TURP and prostate enucleation) on their nutritional status, no significant differences were found in the formation of the AVD. Postoperative comprehensive nutritional support contributed to the normalization of blood biochemical parameters, particularly transaminase levels, and an improvement in the general condition of patients, manifested in a 1.5-fold reduction in the length of stay in the intensive care unit and the overall hospitalization period compared to average values. It was also noted that recovery after TURP was somewhat longer than after laser enucleation of the prostate, which may be due to the latter's low traumatic nature. For patients with intoxication syndrome and changes in transaminase levels, it is advisable to include a medication with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties (Remaxol) in their nutritional support regimen. Conclusion. The issue of perioperative nutritional support for elderly urological patients is relevant and feasible and is being developed based on an alimentary-volemic diagnosis.
Background. Herpesviruses are among the most common human pathogens that cause a variety of diseases, including herpetic stomatitis, ophthalmic herpes, genital herpes, chickenpox, and shingles. Despite the availability of several effective medicines, such as acyclovir and valacyclovir, there is a need for the development of new medications with increased efficacy, reduced toxicity, and the ability to overcome viral resistance.The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the antiviral activity of naturally occurring compounds against the herpes simplex virus in vitro. Results. Echinacea and hawkweed extracts demonstrated the most pronounced antiviral protection against the herpes simplex virus. Among pure chemical compounds, caffeic acid was found to be the most active against herpes simplex virus type 2.Conclusion. The obtained data demonstrate the potential of plant compounds for the development of new treatments for herpes infections. Among the compounds studied, echinacea and hawkweed extracts are the most promising and can be considered as candidates for the development of natural antiherpetic medications.
In modern clinical practice, stable angina is considered as part of the spectrum of chronic coronary syndromes, in which ischemic symptoms can be caused not only by epicardial atherosclerotic obstruction, but also by microvascular dysfunction or a vasospastic mechanism. The aim of this review was to systematize current data on the diagnosis and treatment of stable angina, focusing on ischemic mechanisms, the choice of instrumental methods, as well as the rationale for treatment strategies. Analysis of the available sources shows that a significant proportion of patients experience persistent anginal symptoms in the absence of hemodynamically significant stenosis, and the most informative tools for clarifying the ischemic mechanism are FFR/iFR, PET stress test, and coronary CT angiography. Optimal drug therapy remains the basis of treatment, while revascularization is indicated only when the functional significance of the lesion is proven. For refractory angina, spinal stimulation may be considered in specialized centres.
Background. Silicon, being an indispensable component, is found in natural waters in various forms: soluble salts, colloids, and suspended particles. Despite the fact that the formation of soluble silicon compounds from silica-containing minerals occurs slowly due to hydrolysis and weathering, its concentration in some waters may exceed acceptable standards, which is confirmed by scientific research. An innovative study on the concentration of silicon and silicon dioxide in reservoirs of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic has been conducted. The obtained results were subjected to a comparative assessment with the regulatory hygienic requirements for reservoirs suitable for drinking and fishery use. The field of research. As part of the study, three key geomorphological zones of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and nine administrative units located on its territory were selected for study: the mountainous zone of Elbrus, the foothill zone of Chegema, and the plain zone, including Baksan, Tersky, Prokhladnensky, Urvansky, Maysky, Lesken, and Nalchik districts. The aim of the study. The research included the determination of sanitary and hygienic standards for the silicon content in different types of waters; the establishment of sampling points for water bodies in various geomorphological zones, followed by their fixation on a schematic map in the Axiom 5 program; as well as the determination of the quantitative content of silicon (Si) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). Material and methods. Silicon was analyzed using the spectrophotometric method on the UNICO-2804 device, with the formation of yellow silicolybdenum heteropoly acid and a blue (reduced) form of molybdosilicic acid. Results and discussion. According to the study results, the Tersky, Prokhladnensky, and Maysky districts are the leaders in terms of the detected total concentrations of silicon in all types of waters studied. Moreover, exceedances of the maximum permissible concentrations for fishery reservoirs (MPCr.x.) and drinking waters (MPCp.v.) were detected at 6 sampling points in the Tersk and Prokhladnensky districts. Conclusions. It has been determined that exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations for silicon is natural and is related to the geology of the catchment areas of the Malka and Terek basins.
Patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) have a higher risk of developing pneumococcal infection than the general population due to an autoimmune process and/or ongoing immunosuppressive therapy. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are available for the prevention of this infection. PPV-23 has proven itself to be a safe and effective vaccine, which is reflected in numerous studies by domestic and foreign authors. This review analyzes studies on the safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
