Among the lifestyle diseases, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and hypertension are noted to have become key determinants in the outcome of oral health and prosthodontic treatment. The diseases are associated with chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and altered bone metabolism, all of which are known to affect the healing of the wound, osseointegration, and the longevity of the prosthetic appliance. In addition, the interrelationship between systemic diseases and oral diseases, including periodontal disease and peri-implant disease, has been noted to affect the outcome of treatment in compromised patients. This review aims to discuss the effects of the most common lifestyle diseases on the outcome of oral rehabilitation, highlighting the implications in prosthodontic treatment. The impact of individual factors such as diabetes, smoking, and metabolic syndrome on peri-implant health and treatment predictability is critically analyzed. Emphasis is given to the comprehensive clinical assessment of the patient and the need to individualize treatment planning. With advances in biomaterials, implant designs, and technology, better therapeutic options are available. However, the success of treatment is dependent on systemic disease control and patient compliance. Preventive and maintenance programs are essential to prevent treatment failure. An interdisciplinary approach is necessary to provide optimal treatment to the patient. Integration of systemic considerations into the practice of prosthodontics is essential to provide more predictable and patient-centered treatment. These factors are essential to improve treatment outcomes in decision-making to provide better prosthodontic treatment to patients with lifestyle diseases.
Objectives: This review aims to examine occupational stress and job satisfaction in prosthodontics and to discuss their implications for clinical performance, patient satisfaction, treatment quality, and patient care outcomes. Methods: A narrative review framework was employed to synthesize the literature that was relevant to the topics of prosthodontic practice, dental occupational stress, job satisfaction, burnout, clinical performance, patient safety, dentist-technician communication, and patient-centered care. The review systematised the evidence on six thematic areas, namely, conceptual foundations, stress determinants, satisfaction determinants, clinical performance effects, patient care implications, and management strategies. Results: Prosthodontics is associated with distinctive stressors, including complex restorative procedures, long chairside hours, high esthetic expectations, treatment failures, laboratory dependency, technological demands, financial pressure, and work-life imbalance. Occupational stress can decrease concentration, make decisions worse, weaken communication, become more fatigued, and create burnout. On the other hand, professional autonomy, career growth, sufficient income, supportive teams, effective dentist-technician relationships, and balanced workloads contribute to job satisfaction. Conclusions: The well-being, clinical accuracy, ethicality in decision-making, quality of communication, and patient-centered outcome are closely associated with the occupational stress and job satisfaction of prosthodontists. Clinical Relevance: Stress management and job satisfaction enhancement could enhance the quality of prosthodontic treatment, patient trust, prosthesis success, and overall patient care safety.
Objectives: This review will investigate the psychological elements that facilitate the adoption of sustainable practices in the dental field of prosthodontics, and focus on the attitudes of practitioners towards the use of eco-friendly dental materials and techniques. Methods: Narrative review methodology was used to synthesize the existing literature on the environmental effects of the practice of prosthodontics, psychological models of behavior, practitioner attitudes, and sustainable innovations. Theories of Planned Behavior, Value-Belief-Norm theory, Health Belief Model and Diffusion of Innovation theory have been discussed with reference to dental practice. Findings: The findings suggest that practitioner attitudes, awareness of the environment, and perceived behavior control play a significant role in adopting sustainable practices. The implementation is hindered by barriers like cost, limited availability of eco-friendly material, and the workflow factors which are facilitated by education, institutional support, and digital technologies. All the psychological models explain the effect of values, beliefs and social forces on sustainable decision-making. Conclusions: A comprehensive approach to sustainable prosthodontics involves behavioral, technological, and institutional strategies. It is important that psychological determinants are addressed in order to facilitate the development of environmentally friendly practices. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge on practitioner behavior can also help improve the uptake of sustainable materials and techniques, resulting in an environmentally responsible provision of prosthodontic care without
Dental implant placement following tooth extraction is a widely accepted treatment modality in contemporary prosthodontics. Among the available approaches, immediate and delayed implant placement protocols remain commonly employed, each presenting distinct biological and prosthodontic considerations. Despite extensive research, uncertainty persists regarding the influence of implant placement timing on short-term clinical, radiographic, and restorative outcomes, warranting additional controlled comparative investigations. A prospective comparative clinical study was conducted involving 40 patients requiring single-tooth extraction and implant-supported rehabilitation. Participants were equally allocated into two groups: immediate implant placement (n = 20) and delayed implant placement (n = 20). Clinical procedures were performed under standardized surgical and prosthodontic protocols. Outcome measures included implant survival and success rates, peri-implant marginal bone level changes, soft tissue health, prosthodontic and functional outcomes, and postoperative complications. Radiographic and clinical assessments were carried out at predefined follow-up intervals. Statistical analysis involved independent t-tests and chi-square tests, with significance set at p <0.05. Both groups demonstrated high implant survival and success rates, with no statistically significant intergroup differences. Periimplant soft tissue conditions were predominantly healthy, with minimal inflammatory changes and limited mucosal recession. Prosthodontic outcomes showed high rates of definitive prosthesis delivery and satisfactory occlusal function. Postoperative complications were minor, self-limiting, and similarly distributed between groups. Immediate and delayed implant placement protocols yielded comparable short-term clinical, radiographic, and prosthodontic outcomes when applied under standardized conditions. Implant placement timing alone did not significantly influence treatment success. Careful case selection and prosthodontically driven planning remain critical determinants of predictable implant outcomes.
Pain during the first postoperative period of oral and maxillofacial surgery has long been the primary obstacle to immediate functional healing and predictable restorative processes, especially in implantology and those that involve prosthodontics. This comprehensive review synthesizes contemporary evidence on multimodal pain management strategies that address the multifactorial biology of postoperative pain, including inflammatory mediator release, peripheral and central sensitization, and selected neuropathic pain mechanisms. Pharmacological components reviewed include non-opioid analgesics, optimized local and regional anaesthesia techniques, perioperative corticosteroids, centrally acting adjuvants in selected high-risk scenarios, and opioid-sparing or opioid-free anaesthetic pathways. Adjunctive non-pharmacological measures, such as cryotherapy, photo-biomodulation, platelet concentrates, enhanced recovery principles, and patient-centred digital follow-up, are examined for their roles in improving comfort and supporting early return to function. Procedure-specific considerations are emphasized for flapless guided full-arch rehabilitation, open-flap implant placement, sinus augmentation, zygomatic implant surgery, and peri-implant soft tissue management, where surgical invasiveness and biomaterial-tissue interactions influence pain trajectories. Risk stratification is highlighted for elderly and medically compromised patients, individuals receiving antiplatelet therapy, opioid-tolerant patients, and those with heightened perioperative anxiety. Newer technologies, such as algorithm-based clinical pathways, artificial intelligence-based decision support, and novel biomaterials or targeted delivery platforms, are described as the means of more accurate, opioid-sparing analgesics. Collectively, a structured, patient-centred multimodal approach offers a practical framework to improve postoperative comfort, reduce opioid exposure, and align analgesic strategy with restorative outcomes in contemporary oral and maxillofacial practice.
Background: Dental caries remains a prevalent global health concern, particularly in children and underserved populations, necessitating effective community-based preventive strategies. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nurse-led oral health education programs in preventing dental caries within community settings and to examine their underlying mechanisms, implementation models, and associated outcomes. Methods: A narrative review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on studies assessing nurse-led interventions in oral health education, behavior modification, and preventive care. Evidence from epidemiological studies, intervention trials, and community-based programs was synthesized to identify key determinants, mechanisms, and effectiveness of these interventions. Results: Nurse-led oral health education programs have been observed to have a major impact in improving the knowledge, attitude, and oral habits of the patients. This reduces the formation of plaques and the occurrence of caries. This is done through the modification of behavior, dietary control, the use of fluoride, and the detection of caries. The programs have shown a high degree of effectiveness in the schools, at homes, and in the community. Conclusion: Nurse-led oral health education programs represent a costeffective and scalable approach to caries prevention in community settings. Strengthening training, integrating oral health into primary care, and leveraging technology can further enhance their impact and sustainability.
The importance of oral health risk assessment is to prevent early, timely clinical referral, and enhance patient awareness. Nevertheless, traditional oral health assessment usually relies on intermittent clinical visits and might not adequately combine behavioral, diet, lifestyle, and symptom risk indicators with individualized patient education. This study designed a smart decision support system to assess the oral health risks and educate patients based on a hybrid deep learning strategy. A 20-item questionnaire was designed and a sample of 50 unique respondents was asked to respond to it using a five-point Likert scale. Risk prediction was done with items Q1-Q19 and Q20 evaluated preference towards digital patient education. Protective oral health behaviors were reverse scored, risk-oriented items were directly scored and respondents were categorized into low, moderate and high risk of oral health. The respondents comprised 14 low-risk, 20 moderate-risk and 16 high-risk, with a total risk score of 23 to 90 and a mean score of 52.96. Interpretation that was based on attention recognized tooth pain, gum bleeding, tobacco consumption, dental cavities, missing or damaged teeth, and medical conditions as important factors in risk classification. Tobacco smoking is a separate, established risk factor for GCA and lung cancer. Long-term smoking stresses the immune system and alters normal immune tolerance, which is central to the pathogenesis of both diseases. The system also connected the predicted levels of risk and the personalized oral health education recommendations. The results indicate the promise of hybrid deep learning to assist in preventive oral care, early risk detection, and patient-centered education, but bigger clinically validated datasets are needed before it can be employed in the real world.
Background/Objectives: INOX (Nanoksa G-Plus) is a nano-reinforced highperformance polymer composed of a methacrylate-based matrix reinforced with nano-zirconia and nano-carbon fillers, currently used as a CAD/CAM restorative material for full-arch implant-supported frameworks and denture bases. Despite its increasing clinical use, comprehensive biological characterization, particularly its potential to support regenerative cellular responses, remains unexplored. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytocompatibility, osteogenic differentiation potential, and genotoxic profile of INOX in human fibroblasts, to establish its candidacy as a scaffold material for periodontal and peri-implant regeneration. Methods: Human skin fibroblast cells (HFB4); VACSERA, Cairo, Egypt, were exposed to two-fold serial dilutions of INOX extract 1500-0.73 & micro;g/mL. Cytocompatibility was assessed using the MTT colorimetric viability assay ISO 10993-5. Osteogenic gene expression was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) targeting alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN). DNA integrity was assessed by the diphenylamine (DPA) colorimetric assay and confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Surface characteristics of the material and fibroblast morphology were further examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Cell viability ranged from 82.62% to 101.59% across all tested concentrations, consistently exceeding the 70% ISO 10993-5 non-cytotoxicity threshold. RT-qPCR revealed significant upregulation of ALP fold change: 2.96, RUNX2 fold change: 2.18, and OCN fold change: 3.18 in INOX-exposed fibroblasts relative to untreated controls. DNA fragmentation was minimal and comparable between groups: test: 2.14 +/- 0.08%; control: 1.80 +/- 0.05%, with agarose gel electrophoresis confirming predominant genomic integrity in both groups. Conclusions: INOX demonstrates robust cytocompatibility and the capacity to stimulate osteogenic differentiation markers in fibroblasts without inducing genotoxic damage. These findings support the translational potential of INOX as a bioactive scaffold platform for periodontal regeneration and peri-implant tissue engineering, bridging its established role as a prosthetic framework material with a novel regenerative function.
Oral health remains a significant public health issue and there is a shift towards preventive and restorative dentistry. This study reviewed the oral health status of adults in the United States and the resulting disparities over a seven-year time period based on information from the National Oral Health Surveillance System. The 31,542 adult oral health records from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data collection were used in the secondary analysis of quantitative, descriptive and secondary data. The study looked at trends in adults' dental visits (aged 18 years and over) and trends in tooth loss indicators (aged 65 years or over). Comparisons were also made between the different groups based on the factors of income, education, race, gender and age. There were no significant differences between 2012-2020, older adults who were without teeth remained a burden on oral health. Dental visit prevalence was shown to be low and tooth loss prevalence high in lowincome and less-educated populations. Prevalence of dental visits was significantly different between low income and less educated groups, as was dental loss. Disparities in oral health outcomes were also observed based on race. These findings indicate that besides the improved oral health, its education, behavior change and community outreach and supportive policies on the community, will all be positive contributors that will help to cut down on the number of restorative dental services required. The prevention can be improved and dental services better accessed, which could help maintain oral health equity and quality of life over the long-term.
AI's influence on healthcare systems is reshaping the health industry in many ways, including providing accurate diagnostics, creating treatment plans, and improving access to healthcare. The economic viability of AIbased oral health intervention in low and middle-income communities, however, hasn't been thoroughly studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the accessibility, affordability, acceptance and barriers of using AI in dental care services in resource-poor environments. This research is quantitative research design with cross sectional method and sampling is done by conveniant sampling with number of sample respondents 50 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and the regression interpretation method of Microsoft Excel. The findings revealed that the respondents overall positively perceived the economic advantages of AI-assisted dental care since this could contribute to decreasing the cost of care, the amount of time spent in the waiting area, and the distance to dental services as well as provide remote consultations. The results suggest that AI-powered dental services can contribute to more inclusive and sustainable dental care systems, given that there are effective policy frameworks, government investments, and fair digital healthcare approaches. The study underscores the need to embed AI technologies into oral health delivery systems to enhance access to oral health care and mitigate oral health care inequalities in low-resource areas.
Preventive oral health promotion increasingly emphasizes safe, sustainable, and plant-derived bioactive agents with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant relevance. Gliricidia sepium is a medicinal plant known to contain diverse phytochemicals that may support future natural productbased preventive health applications. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, biological activity, environmental safety, and enzyme-modulating potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Gliricidia sepium, with emphasis on its relevance as a natural bioactive resource for preventive oral health promotion. Leaves of G. sepium were collected from Baranoa, Atl & aacute;ntico, Colombia, and extracted using 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify major secondary metabolites. Biological activity was assessed through standardized bioassays to determine LC50 and LC90 values, while Artemia salina toxicity testing was used to evaluate preliminary safety. Enzymatic assays involving glutathione S-transferase, alpha-esterase, beta-esterase, and mixed-function oxidases were conducted to examine biochemical activity. The extract contained alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, glycosides, and tannins. It demonstrated notable biological activity, with an LC50 of 281.15 ppm at 48 h in the Rockefeller strain, and showed low toxicity toward A. salina, with LC50 values greater than 1000 ppm. Enzyme analysis indicated measurable modulation of detoxification-related enzymes, including a 61% increase in GST activity. The phytochemical richness, biological activity, favorable safety profile, and enzyme-modulating properties of G. sepium suggest its potential as a sustainable natural bioactive resource for future antimicrobial and antioxidant investigations related to preventive oral health promotion, community health education, and natural product-based healthcare strategies.
Background: Local anesthesia is essential in dental and oral surgical procedures, ensuring pain control and facilitating clinical efficiency; however, limitations in efficacy and safety necessitate continuous advancements. Objective: To evaluate recent pharmacological advances in local anesthesia with emphasis on clinical efficacy and safety considerations in dental practice. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using recent clinical trials, systematic reviews, and pharmacological studies focusing on conventional anesthetics, novel agents, adjunctive techniques, and safety profiles. Results: Traditional methods like lidocaine and articaine are still in use because of the predictable effect, whereas the newer methods like buffered anesthetics, adjunctive methods like tramadol and new delivery systems like computer-controlled and needle-free have better onset, duration and ease of use on the patient. The clinical effect differs based on the state of the tissues, the complexity of the procedures and personal factors, especially in inflamed tissues. The safety issues comprise of local and systemic toxicity, effects of the vasoconstrictor, and are very important in special populations, which necessitate a careful dose management and monitoring. Conclusion: Pharmacological and technological advancements have enhanced the effectiveness and safety of local anesthesia in dentistry; however, individualized approaches and adherence to clinical guidelines remain essential to optimize outcomes and minimize risks.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a multi-purpose immunoregulatory cytokine, which is involved in the processes of macrophage activation, inflammatory amplification, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. In restorative and prosthodontic dentistry, predictable treatment results are based on the capacity of the oral tissues to heal, adapt, and be biologically stable to microbial, mechanical, surgical, and prosthetic challenges. The review addresses the applicability of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the healing of the oral tissues and whether it has the potential to affect the outcome of prosthodontics. It may be related to its biological activity, which may be associated with mucosal inflammation, periodontal tissue response, residual ridge remodelling, peri-implant healing, and bone-implant interface stability. The potential effects of altered expression include delayed tissue repair, denture-bearing mucosal discomfort, periodontal breakdown, peri-implant inflammation, marginal bone loss and a decrease in the predictability of the prosthetic. In addition to its mechanistic relevance, macrophage migration inhibitory factor can have a future value in terms of biomarker in saliva, gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant sulcular fluid to assess the risk of inflammatory risks before and after prosthodontic rehabilitation. Longitudinal studies are required to be able to correlate the level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with clinically significant outcomes, such as the healing time, mucosal tolerance, periodontal stability, implant survival/prosthesis longevity and patient-reported comfort. Provided it is proven to be correct, this mediator can assist precision prosthodontics by facilitating the earlier detection of risks, personalized planning of treatment, biologically guided implant loading, and personalized maintenance schedules.
Background: Toothbrushes may act as reservoirs for oral and extraoral microorganisms and contribute to cross-contamination and oral microbial reinfection. This is clinically relevant for patients requiring restorative, periodontal, and prosthodontic maintenance. Regular toothbrush disinfection may help reduce bacterial contamination. Aim: To evaluate toothbrush microbiological contamination and the antimicrobial effectiveness of Silybum marianum extract and other natural dental disinfectant solutions. Materials and Methods: Sixty volunteers aged 15-45 years used standardized toothbrushes for seven days. Toothbrushes were disinfected using baking soda, 50% vinegar, 3% garlic solution, aqueous Silybum marianum extract, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and tap water control. Bacterial counts before and after disinfection were analyzed statistically. Results: All disinfectant solutions except tap water showed significant bacterial reduction (P<0.05). The highest reduction was observed with 0.2% chlorhexidine, followed by Silybum marianum, garlic, vinegar, and baking soda. No significant difference was found between Silybum marianum, garlic, and chlorhexidine groups (P>0.05). Bacillus subtilis was the most prevalent bacterial isolate. Conclusion: Silybum marianum demonstrated promising antibacterial activity and may serve as a natural adjunctive dental disinfectant for toothbrush decontamination; however, further clinical validation is required before routine dental recommendation.
Maxillofacial surgery and tissue transplantation remain essential interventionsfor the management of extensive defects resulting fromoncologic, traumatic, congenital, and post-infectious conditions. Despite advances insurgical reconstruction, functional and esthetic rehabilitation frequently requirescomprehensive prosthodontic intervention. Evidence evaluating outcomesofdifferent prosthodontic rehabilitation strategies following such complexsurgical procedures remains limited. The study aimed to retrospectivelyevaluate prosthodontic rehabilitation strategies following maxillofacial surgeryand tissue transplantation, assess associated functional, esthetic, and prostheticoutcomes, and identify clinical factors influencing long-termrehabilitationsuccess. A retrospective observational study evaluated clinical records of 90patients who underwent definitive prosthodontic rehabilitation followingmaxillofacial surgery and/or tissue transplantation at a tertiary care centre. Demographic and clinical variables underwent descriptive analysis. Follow-upduration across rehabilitation modalities was assessed using the meanandstandard deviation. Functional and esthetic outcomes between implant-supported and removable prostheses were compared using independent t-tests. Correlation analysis examined associations between follow-up durationandprosthetic complications, while multiple linear regression identified predictorsof prosthodontic outcomes. Oncologic etiology and maxillarydefectspredominated within the cohort. Implant-supported rehabilitation demonstratedsignificantly higher mastication efficiency, speech intelligibility, andestheticsatisfaction compared with removable prostheses (p < 0.05). Prosthetic survival remained high, with complications largely limited to minor mechanical issues. Regression analysis identified implant utilisation and reconstructive approachas significant predictors of favourable prosthodontic outcomes. Prosthodonticrehabilitation following maxillofacial surgery and tissue transplantationdemonstrated favourable functional, esthetic, and prosthetic outcomes, particularly with implant-supported modalities. A prosthodontic-centred, multidisciplinary approach enhances rehabilitation predictability and long-termperformance.
Cardiovascular disease represents a major systemic concern in prosthodontic practice, particularly among older and medically compromised patients who may experience physiological stress during dental rehabilitation. This study aimed to assess cardiovascular risk awareness among patients undergoing prosthodontic rehabilitation and to examine its influence on perceived procedural experience and restorative treatment planning modifications. A cross-sectional observational design was employed, and data were collected from 55 adults receiving prosthodontic care using a structured, selfadministered questionnaire comprising 30 Likert-scale items across four domains: health awareness, cardiovascular considerations, prosthodontic experience, and treatment planning adaptations. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics and response patterns. Inferential analyses included Mann-Whitney U tests to compare procedural experience between cardiovascular-risk and non-risk groups, Chi-square tests to assess associations between cardiovascular risk and treatment planning modifications, and Spearman's rank correlation to evaluate relationships between cardiovascular awareness and restorative planning. Results demonstrated high levels of cardiovascular and systemic health awareness among participants. Patients with cardiovascular risk reported significantly higher perceptions of clinical attentiveness, procedural adjustments, and treatment planning modifications (p < 0.01). Significant associations were observed between cardiovascular risk status and restorative planning adaptations (p < 0.05). A strong positive correlation was identified between cardiovascular awareness and perceived treatment planning modification (rho = 0.69, p < 0.001). These findings underscore the importance of integrating structured cardiovascular assessment into prosthodontic rehabilitation to support patient-centred, risk-informed clinical decision-making and enhance perceived safety and confidence during care.
Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of toluidine blue O (TBO)mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with various nanoparticle carriers in comparison with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for disinfecting root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: One hundred freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth were decoronated and standardized to a root length of 13 mm. Following biomechanical preparation using rotary instrumentation, the samples were sterilized and inoculated with E. faecalis. Specimens were incubated at 37 degrees C for 21 days to allow biofilm formation. The samples were randomly allocated into five groups (n=20): Group 1-5.25% NaOCl , Group 2-TBO + diode laser (DL); Group 3-Chitosan-TBO nanoparticles (Chit-TBO NPs) + DL; Group 4-Silver-TBO nanoparticles (Ag-TBO NPs) + DL; and Group 5-TBO-Chitosan-Gold-Silver nanoparticles (TBO-Chit-Au-Ag NPs) + DL. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and the Tukey post hoc test for group comparisons, with the significance level set at p <0.05. Results: Group 1 demonstrated the lowest mean CFU count, indicating superior antimicrobial efficacy, while Group 2 exhibited the highest CFU values. All nanoparticle-mediated PDT groups (Groups 3-5) showed significantly reduced CFU counts compared to TBO alone (p<0.0001). Among them, the Ag-TBO NP group demonstrated the lowest bacterial counts; however, no statistically significant differences were observed among the nanoparticle groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: NaOCl remains the most effective irrigant for root canal disinfection. Nanoparticle-assisted PDT significantly enhances antimicrobial efficacy compared to TBO alone and shows potential as an adjunctive approach, although it does not surpass NaOCl under the conditions of this study.
One of the most common modalities of breast cancer treatment is chemotherapy; it is also often linked to oral cavity adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to test the changes in the oral mucosa, periodontal tissues, oral microbiota and bone status induced by chemotherapy and to examine the implications of these changes on the prosthodontics and restorative dental treatment. Between 2021 and 2023, 703 women aged 55-65 years were studied with breast cancer, and 154 subjects were controls. The Oral Mucosal Grading Scale (OMGS) was used to clinically assess oral mucosa. Microbiological examination was done to assess the alteration of oral microflora and radiographic examination to assess alveolar bone resorption and bone density index through orthopantomography. Correlation analysis and Fisher exact test (p < 0.05) were used to perform statistical analysis. The findings revealed that oral mucositis was highly prevalent with moderate to severe inflammation in chemotherapy patients. Major changes in the oral microbiota were observed with a greater number of opportunistic pathogens. Radiographic results showed that bone density was significantly decreased and moderate to severe chronic periodontitis was highly prevalent. It was observed that these changes were highly linked with chemotherapy regimens. Clinically, these changes bear significant significance on prosthodontic and restorative dentistry. Inflammatory responses of the mucosa and xerostomia can impair denture tolerance, and periodontal destruction and bone loss can impair the location of implants and the stability of prostheses. Also, the microbiological modifications can predispose to the biofilm formation and adversely impact the durability of restorative materials.
Pediatric dental caries remains a major global health concern, necessitating effective restorative strategies that not only restore tooth structure but also support disease control and prevention. Bioactive restorative materials have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional materials due to their ability to interact dynamically with dental tissues and the oral environment. This review aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of bioactive restorative materials in pediatric dental caries management and to assess their therapeutic advantages in contemporary practice. Bioactive materials, including glass ionomer cements, resin-modified glass ionomers, giomers, bioactive composites, and calcium silicate-based materials, demonstrate properties such as fluoride, calcium, and phosphate ion release, remineralization potential, antibacterial activity, and pulp-protective effects. Clinical evidence suggests that these materials may enhance restoration longevity, reduce secondary caries, improve marginal integrity, and support minimally invasive treatment approaches. However, their performance varies depending on material composition, clinical conditions, and patient-related factors. Despite promising outcomes, current evidence is limited by heterogeneity in study designs and a lack of long-term pediatric-specific clinical trials. Therefore, careful material selection based on individual clinical needs is essential. Further high-quality research is required to establish standardized guidelines and optimize the role of bioactive restorative materials in pediatric dentistry.
Dental implant success is fundamentally dependent on effective osseointegration, a process governed by complex interactions between implant surfaces and the biological environment. Over recent decades, significant advancements in surface engineering have transformed implant design from passive structural components to biologically active systems that actively promote bone integration and long-term stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging dental implant surface technologies and their role in enhancing osseointegration. Surface modifications at micro- and nano-scales have been shown to significantly influence protein adsorption, cellular adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation. Techniques such as sandblasting, acid etching, anodization, plasma treatment, and laser texturing have improved surface roughness, wettability, and energy, thereby enhancing early healing responses. In addition, bioactive and functionalized surfaces incorporating antimicrobial agents, growth factors, and immunomodulatory materials have demonstrated the ability to simultaneously promote bone formation and reduce the risk of peri-implant infections. Advancements in manufacturing technologies, including additive manufacturing and sol-gel coatings, have enabled the development of customized and multifunctional implant surfaces. Furthermore, alternative biomaterials such as zirconia and polyetherketone have expanded the scope of implant applications, offering improved aesthetic and mechanical properties. Preclinical and clinical evaluations consistently indicate that optimized surface characteristics lead to improved bone-to-implant contact and long-term implant stability. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in standardizing surface modification techniques and translating experimental findings into clinical practice. Future directions focus on the development of smart, biomimetic, and patient-specific implant surfaces to further enhance clinical outcomes.
