В целях повышения устойчивости растений к биотическим и абиотическим стрессам была создана ассоциация агрономически ценных микроорганизмов на основе ризосферных и эндофитных бактерий. Использование микробных ассоциаций рассматривается как более эффективный подход по сравнению с применением монокультур, поскольку консорциумы микроорганизмов обладают расширенным спектром биологической активности и способны к синергетическому взаимодействию в агроэкосистемах. Для формирования ассоциации были отобраны штаммы Pseudomonas flavescens D5, Serratia proteamaculans B5 и Pseudomonas fluorescens D7, характеризующиеся ростостимулирующими и биоконтрольными свойствами. Проведена комплексная оценка агрономически ценных свойств ассоциации, включая биосовместимость, галотолерантность, синтез индол-3-уксусной кислоты, фосфат-мобилизующую и антифунгальную активность. Установлено, что ассоциация LYA23 обладает повышенной по сравнению с отдельными штаммами продукцией ИУК, достигающей 63,4 мкг/мл, выраженной фосфат-мобилизующей активностью (293 мкг/мл) и сохраняет рост при концентрации NaCl до 5 %. Ассоциация проявляла высокую антагонистическую активность в отношении Fusarium graminearum и Fusarium oxysporum, формируя зоны подавления роста до 3,5 ± 0,1 см. Оптимальной для иммобилизации клеток признана полимерная матрица, состоящая из биополимеров пуллулана, пектина и полигидроксиалканоата в соотношении 2:1:0,1. Введение гумата калия дополнительно усиливало ростостимулирующий эффект препарата. В вегетационных опытах обработка семян ячменя сорта Арна способствовала увеличению всхожести до 98,6 %, а также достоверному повышению биомассы корней и стеблей по сравнению с контролем.
The study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a specialized immunostimulating product based on low-molecular-weight peptides isolated from mare’s and camel’s milk. The product was additionally enriched with biologically active compounds possessing antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. The clinical study involved 20 volunteers aged 30-45 years divided into control and experimental groups. Participants consumed 90 g/day of the product for 20 days under conditions of daily physical activity. Humoral and cellular immunity parameters (IgG, IgA, IgM, T- and B-lymphocytes), lipid peroxidation markers (MDA, diene conjugates), and antioxidant defense indicators (catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant activity, vitamins A, E, and C) were assessed. The results demonstrated that physical exercise in the control group led to decreased immunoglobulin levels and signs of secondary immunodeficiency, along with increased oxidative stress markers. In contrast, administration of the specialized product resulted in a significant increase in IgG, IgA, and IgM levels, enhancement of T- and B-lymphocyte counts, reduction of lipid peroxidation products, and activation of antioxidant defense enzymes. The product stabilized humoral and cellular immunity and improved antioxidant status during physical stress. The findings confirm the pronounced immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects of low-molecular-weight peptides from mare’s and camel’s milk and support their use in the development of functional and preventive nutrition products.
The article presents the results of the study of the genus Eremurus of the family Asphodelaceae, which includes more than 70 species of perennial grasses with thickened roots and root leaves. According to «Flora of Kazakhstan», 13 species of the genus are registered in Kazakhstan, but according to M.S. Baitenov, their number reaches 15 species. Literature sources were screened and more than 130 herbarium specimens from major collections (AA, TASH, LE, MW) from 1988 to 2024 were reviewed. We have determined the ranges of the studied species according to the Botanical-geographical zoning of Kazakhstan and Central Asia: Eremurus robustus has the following range: Region - Saharo-Gobian, Subregion - Irano-Turanian, Province - Mountain-middle - Asian - Dzungarian - Dzungaro-North Tianshanian; Eremurus tianschanicus has the following range: Region - Saharo-Gobian, Subregion - Irano-Turanian, Province - Mountain-middle - Asian - Dzungaro-North Tianshanian.
Мақалада Іле Алатауының Түрген шатқалында сирек кездесетін, эндемдік түр Rosa potentilliflora Chrshan. et. M. Pop. кездесетін өсімдіктер қауымдастықтарының флорасына талдау жасалынған. Қауымдастық құратын өсімдіктердің бірінші орында Fabaceae Lindl.,тұқымдасы 10 түрден тұрады немесе флораның 12,6%-ын құрайды. Екінші орында Labiatae Juss.және Asteraceae Dumort. тұқымдастардан тұрады. Олардың әрқайсысында 8 түрден бар немесе флораның 10,1% құрайды. Үшінші орында Poaceae Gaertn.және Rosaceae Juss.тұқымдастарынан тұрады олардың әрқайсысында 7 түрден бар немесе флораның 8,8% құрайды. Төртінші орында Apiaceae Lindl. және Scrophulariaceae Lindl. тұқымдастарынан тұрады. Олардың әрқайсысында 4 түрден бар немесе флораның 5,06% құрайды. Қалған тұқымдастардың әрқайсысында 3-тен, 2-ден түрлер бар. Мұндай жағдайда өрт шығып кету қаупі болып тұрады. Мұның екеуіде аз ғана жерде өсетін, таралу аумағы шектеулі, эндемдік түр Rosa potentilliflora өсімдігі үшін аса қауіпті. Сондықтанда Іле Алатауы ұлттық паркі мен Түрген орман шаруашылығы секілді мекемелердің жауапты қызметкерлері Rosa potentilliflora өсімдігінің қорғауды қажет ететін эндемдік түр екендігінен хабардар болулары тиісті және оны үнемі бақылауда болады.
Изучение и сохранение пресноводных рыб необходимо для сохранения и устойчивости водных экосистем. Стремительное сокращение разнообразия аборигенных рыб является серьезной угрозой для во всем мире, поскольку приводит к нарушению пищевых цепей и баланса веществ в природных сообществах. Голый осман Gymnodiptychus dybowskii является одним из наиболее распространенных аборигенных обитателей предгорных и горных рек Центральный Азий. Целью проведенного исследования было сравнительное изучение питания голого османа в двух реках Балкашского бассейна, испытывающих различную антропогенную нагрузку. Для анализа рыб использовали традиционные ихтиологические методики отлова и обработки, морфологический анализ проведен по 21 пластическому признаку, связанному с питанием рыб. Статистическая обработка проведена унивариантным методом, для сравнения выборок использован метод главных компонент. В рационе голого османа выявлено 38 объектов: 37 компонентов в р.Шелек и 30 компонентов у рыб из реки Борохудзир. Объектами питания служат черви, ракообразные, личинки насекомых, водоросли, высшая водная растительность, детрит, песок, а также неопределенные объекты. В отличие от известных данных водоросли представлены большим разнообразием и являются важным компонентом питания. Между популяциями из сравниваемых рек существуют морфологические различия. Выявлена важная роль голого османа в регуляции потока биогенных элементов и сдерживании численности кровососущих двукрылых.
Аннотация. В данной статье изучена проблема потерь брома при длительном хранении почвенных образцов. Для этого были исследованы почвенные образцы Кулундинской равнины. Основу почвенного покрова этой равнины составляют черноземы и каштановые почвы на водораздельных пространствах, развивающихся в отрыве от грунтовых вод. На склонах и в понижениях широко распространены полугидроморфные и гидроморфные солонцы и луговые почвы, часто засоленные. В почвенных образцах, отобранных по генетическим горизонтам, определены содержание гумуса, гранулометрический состав по Качинскому с пробоподготовкой пирофосфатом натрия, pH – потенциометрическим методом. Результаты исследования показали, что длительное хранение почвенных образцов приводит к очень значительным потерям валового брома, анализ почвенных образцов на содержание брома должен быть проведен сразу после их высушивания и растирки. Нами также изучены потери йода. Процент потерь йода варьирует в интервале 2-39,02 %. Строгой закономерности в потерях не обнаружено. Опубликованные исследования по потерям йода выполнены достаточно давно, о потерях брома вообще отсутствуют данные. Анализ потерь обоих галогенов для одного и того же образца почвы за разные периоды хранения был бы очень полезен для выработки рекомендаций по срокам хранения.
К настоящему времени мико- и лихенобиота Мангистауской области являются практически не изученными, здесь было отмечено всего 5 видов грибов и грибоподобных организмов. В связи с этим, целью нашей работы было изучение видового состав мико- и лихенобиоты Мангистауской области и составление аннотированного списка видов. Образцы для статьи были собраны в 2024 гг на территории Мангистауской области. Приготовление препаратов грибов и лишайников, их изучение с помощью светового микроскопа Levenhuk MED D45T LSD и идентификация осуществлялись по стандартной методике. В результате обработки литературных данных и гербарных образцов, составлен аннотированный список грибов, грибоподобных организмов и лишайников Мангистауской области, включающий 102 вида из двух царств Chromista и Fungi. Ценность и практическое значение нашего исследования заключаются в получении данных о видовом составе мико- и лихенобиоты Мангистауской области, распространении грибов и лишайников, их экологических группах и приуроченности к разным типам субстратов.
The present study aimed to comprehensively assess humoral immune parameters and cytokine status in individuals newly diagnosed with HIV infection. A total of 783 patients were examined, and serum immunoglobulin profiling was performed in 90 of them. Quantification of IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE, and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10) was carried out using ELISA. Compared with healthy controls, patients with early-stage HIV infection demonstrated pronounced dysregulation of humoral immunity. Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels were significantly elevated (1.95-fold, 1.51-fold, and 2.46-fold increases, respectively), indicating activation of both local and systemic immune responses. Despite this enhancement, the heterogeneity in magnitude of change suggests strain on the primary immune response and an insufficient secondary response. Strikingly, IgE concentrations increased 84.88-fold, pointing to a highly sensitized allergic background likely driven by opportunistic infections accompanied by secondary immunodeficiency. Similarly, cytokine levels were markedly increased. Pro-inflammatory cytokines showed differential enhancement: IL-1β levels rose 5.75-fold, while IL-6 increased 1.50-fold, suggesting a dominant role of IL-1β in inflammatory signaling and antiviral immunity. Anti-inflammatory cytokines also increased significantly: IL-4 by 6.21-fold and IL-10 by 1.94-fold. This imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators reflects complex immune dysregulation associated with early HIV infection. Overall, these findings demonstrate substantial activation yet imbalance of humoral immunity in primary HIV infection. The coexistence of heightened immunoglobulin and cytokine synthesis, excessive IgE production, and insufficient secondary immune response indicates an early breakdown in coordinated immune regulation. These results provide important insights for monitoring immune dysfunction and improving clinical management during early stages of HIV.
This paper deals with the origin and evolution of the genus Populus L. (poplar) from the family Salicaceae, with emphasis on species distributed in natural conditions of Western Kazakhstan. Paleobotanical, morphological and ecological data were analyzed, allowing to trace the ways of formation and adaptation of different poplar species in conditions of steppe and semi-desert ecosystems. Hybridization, introgression and plastid capture are characteristic phenomena in the evolution of Populus. Studies of the phylogeny of the genus confirm the existence of extensive gene flow between geographically close species, even those belonging to different sections, if they are not reproductively isolated. This fact should be taken into account in phylogenetic reconstructions, avoiding the erroneous use of interspecific introgression as a sign of relatedness. The work emphasizes the importance of the genus Populus as a bioindicator of climatic changes and as a promising object for forest ameliorative and landscape works.
Бұл жұмыста Алматы облысында өсірілген «Жансая» соя сортының ризосферасынан фосфаттарды еріткіштік қабілетке ие ризобактерияларды бөліп алу және олардың қасиеттерін сипаттау нәтижелері ұсынылды. Барлығы он бактериалды изолят алынды, олардың үшеуі грамтеріс және жетеуі грамоң микроорганизмдерге жатқызылды. Изоляттардың фосфатты еріту қабілеті және ферментативтік белсенділігі бағаланды. Төрт изолят айқын фосфатсолюбилизациялау белсенділігін көрсетті, олардың ішінде ең жоғары еріту индексі SJ3 (0,93±0,11), SJ5 (0,79±0,012), SJ9 (0,49±0,01) және SJ10 (0,49±0,01) штамдарында анықталды. Протеазалық белсенділік SJ3 (2,6±0,26), SJ5 (2,73±0,25) және SJ9 (2,83±0,29) изоляттарында жоғары болды; амилазалық белсенділік SJ3 (2,6±0,45), SJ9 (2,5±0,17) және SJ10 (2,65±0,15) штамдарында белгіленді. Ең жоғары целлюлазалық белсенділік SJ3 (2,83±0,26) және SJ10 (2,8±0,22) изоляттарында байқалды, ал липазалық белсенділік анықталмады. Сонымен қатар, бөлінген бактериялар цитратты пайдалануға және көмірсуларды ферменттеуге қабілетті екендігі көрсетілді: төрт изоляттың үшеуі глюкозаны ферменттеді, олардың біреуі газ түзді. Алынған нәтижелер ферментативтік белсенділіктің ризобактериялардың антагонистік потенциалында маңызды рөл атқаратынын дәлелдейді, ол фитопатогендердің жасуша қабырғасын бұзып, олардың өсуін тежейді және өсімдіктердің ауруларға төзімділігін арттырады. Бөлінген штамдар соя өнімділігін арттыруға бағытталған биопрепараттар ретінде әрі қарай зерттеуге перспективалы болып табылады.
Continuous changes are commonplace in modern society, and health issues, including the health of teachers, are becoming one of the most important. The complication of the conditions of professional and scientific work of teachers requires constant tension, which negatively affects their health, the indicators of which have been deteriorating recently. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of the leading factors typical for the educational process on the health and morbidity of teachers of general educational institutions. As part of the study, data on the health status of teachers of general education institutions (GEI) were analyzed using the methods of sociological surveys and statistical analyses. The results showed that the most common diseases among teachers of GEI are diseases of the musculoskeletal system, diseases of the digestive system, respiratory system and cardiovascular system. The main cause of diseases, according to most teachers, is the specificity of their professional activities, which is associated with constant overstrain, overloads and traumatic factors. Occupational stress is also increasingly becoming a cause of psychosomatic diseases. It was revealed that teachers' health problems are associated with a low level of motivation and value attitude to their own health, as well as with insufficient awareness of risk factors and methods of prevention of occupational diseases. In conclusion, it was noted that further work is needed to develop social and medical prevention programs aimed at preserving the health of teachers and introducing them into the practice of general educational institutions.
The relevance of this study is driven by the need to understand the role of plant diversity conservation in the face of global environmental challenges and is reflected in the growing number of publications in the Scopus database (1973–2024), where 44,334 works were identified using the search terms “conservation” and “biodiversity”. The aim is to reveal the main trends and directions emerging in the international scientific field focused on flora protection. The methodology is based on collecting and statistically processing publications, as well as conducting digital analyses that make it possible to determine research dissemination dynamics and assess the contributions of different scientific disciplines and institutions. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the systematization of scientific knowledge about ecosystem-based approaches to species conservation, the interdisciplinary nature of the research, and global scientific collaboration. Its practical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of using the results obtained to adjust environmental strategies, optimizing resource planning and form international collaboration. The results obtained demonstrate a significant increase in research interest, which is confirmed by a steady increase in the number of scientific publications, especially noticeable since the end of the 20th century and continuing to the present. The conclusions emphasize the critical importance of a comprehensive approach and concerted efforts by the scientific community, government bodies, and the public in ensuring the long-term maintenance of plant biodiversity worldwide.
The article considers the impact of various disturbance factors on the composition and structure of vegetation of the desert part of the Syrdarya river valley within Kyzylorda region. Studies conducted in 2015-2023 revealed a wide degradation of vegetation cover caused by intensive grazing, irrational rice cultivation, anthropogenic and transport impact, as well as other forms of anthropogenic load. The most destroyed areas are characterised by a decrease in species richness, displacement of fodder and ecologically valuable species by weedy and toxic plants such as Peganum harmala, Zygophyllum fabago, Pseudosophora alopecuroides and others. The conclusions of the article emphasize the need to take into account the degree of disturbance when developing programmes for rehabilitation and sustainable use of degraded lands in arid climate conditions.
The article explores the ecological and biological characteristics of Zygophyllum fabago L. populations in the Ile-Balkhash region of Almaty Province. It analyzes coenopopulations' current state, morphological traits, life forms, and ecological responses in saline and semi-desert ecosystems. The flora associated with Zygophyllum fabago consists of 71 species from 47 genera and 20 families, dominated by xerophytes (42.25%), mesoxerophytes (28.17%), and mesophytes (14.08%). Key families include Chenopodiaceae (21.13%), Fabaceae (16.90%), and Asteraceae, comprising 60.56% of the flora. The study highlights Z. fabago’s high salt tolerance, its role in soil stabilization, and its use in traditional medicine as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing agent. A taxonomic and ecological analysis underscores the uniqueness of the Ile-Balkhash region's ecosystems and the need for conservation to protect this species and its sustainable use.
The sustainability of industrial poultry farming depends on the implementation of scientific and production-based biosafety strategies at the poultry farm. Objective: to assess the bacterial safety of technological matrices at a poultry farm in Kazakhstan. The research aimed at evaluating the farm’s resistance to bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and coliform bacteria, and was carried out in two stages: scientific-production (sample collection via surface swabs from walls and floors, equipment, and personnel) and scientific-laboratory (bacteriological analysis using cultural and biochemical methods). In total, 955 swab samples were collected from all industrial sites to assess the resistance of the farm’s technological matrices to the studied pathogens, including 336 samples from walls and floors, 485 from equipment, and 134 from the hands and uniforms of poultry workers. To assess the safety of technological matrices: 955 samples were tested for Salmonella spp., 458 for Staphylococcus spp., and 462 for coliform bacteria. Salmonella spp. was not detected. Staphylococcus spp. was isolated in October from 40 samples collected from equipment (33 samples) and rearing stock houses (7 samples), and in November from one sample taken from the feed bin in a parent stock house. Coliform bacteria were isolated in October from one sample taken from the wall of a parent stock feed truck. After pathogen detection, the farm revised its bacterial safety strategies. This is confirmed by the results of swab samples collected in the month following the positive findings: in November and December, results for Staphylococcus spp. and coliform bacteria, respectively, were negative. Thus, the general principles of bacterial pathogen control at the studied poultry farm include four scientific-production stages: development of a comprehensive biosafety program, prevention of pathogen introduction to the farm, detection of bacterial pathogens on the farm, and elimination of bacterial pathogens.
Among toxic metals affecting the reproductive system, cadmium plays the most significant role. Cadmium is one of the factors that impair testicular function. The mechanisms of action of cadmium in the testes are very complex and include damage to the vascular endothelium of germ cells, Sertoli and Leydig cells, and intercellular adhesions. This metal enhances the action of free radicals, causes changes in enzyme systems and induces an inflammatory response. Morphologic changes induced by cadmium include interstitial edema and necrosis of seminal tubules. The aim of this article was to investigate the effects on the testes, to evaluate the subchronic effects on the testes. The adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups for the purposes of this study: control group, second group that received a cadmium chloride solution at the maximum permissible concentration (0.001 mg/L), third group that received a sub-lethal dose of cadmium chloride (0.01 mg/L), and fourth group that received a shock dose (0.1 mg/L). The concentration of essential minerals and cadmium in the testicles was assessed, as well as the histology and histomorphometry of the testicles. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells was observed at subtoxic and shock doses. Furthermore, degenerative changes in the testicular epithelium, the death of germ cells, and damage to Leydig cells were observed. The results confirm that the severity of Cd-induced testicular damage depends on the route as well as the duration of exposure.
The article presents an analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of the fauna of birds of prey in the urbanized areas of southwestern Kazakhstan based on the results of avifauna surveys in Kyzylorda. Eight species of birds of prey were recorded, including the Circus cyaneus, Circus aeroginosus, Accipiter nisus, Buteo rufinus, Buteo buteo, Aqulia nipalensis, Falco subbuteo, Falco tinnunculus. The probability of birds of prey habitation was negatively associated with dense urban low-rise buildings with limited greenery in the outlying and new parts of the city. At the same time, dense urban development with little or no greenery in the old central part of the city provides comfortable conditions for the habitation (food supply, nesting station) of the common kestrel. The probability of habitation of birds of prey was positively associated with wastelands and the floodplain of the Syr Darya River with small groups of trees and/or shrubs. The environs of the solid waste landfill located on the north-eastern outskirts of the city serve as a food supply for the long-legged buzzard and common buzzard, and the common buzzard, steppe eagle and common kestrel live on the territory of the airport. The most numerous bird recorded in the urbanized landscapes of Kyzylorda is the rock pigeon. Based on this study, we would recommend that enterprises (grain storage, airport) and local executive bodies interested in preserving birds of prey and regulating the number of rock dove on their territory and around it, preserve or plant more native vegetation and shrubs and preserve areas with green spaces.
The article discusses biochemical changes occurring in cattle after vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease. Particular attention was paid to the dynamics of metabolic indicators, including protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Monitoring studies of the biochemical status of vaccinated cows have production and practical significance for the timely detection of metabolic disorders, their correction and maintenance of productive health. As is known, homeostatic regulation of metabolism changes significantly throughout the entire period of pregnancy and depends on the influence of the endocrine system, which regulates the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, ensuring the distribution of nutrients. According to the results of examination of control and experimental animals, although no changes were observed in the control group, in the experimental group the indicators in the blood of some biochemical indicators included in the composition of metabolic products changed. The reason for this is a temporary increase in biochemical indicators in the blood serum of animals after vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease, which is associated with the active functioning of immune cells in the body and the formation of an immune response. Thus, it was found that changes in the biochemical indicators of cattle after vaccination were short-term and did not have a significant effect on the body. Our studies emphasize the importance of an integrated approach to assessing the impact of vaccination on animal metabolism and the need for further research in this area.
Соңғы бірнеше онжылдықта үй жануарларының жүздеген экзотикалық түрлері мен тұқымдары жоғалды. Сондықтан қауіп төнген басқа жануарлардың жойылып кетуін болашақта болдырмау үшін және олардың аман қалуын қамтамасыз ету үшін құтқару стратегияларын әзірлеу және оларды қолдану өте маңызды. Жойылып кету қаупі төнген жабайы және үй жануарларының тұқымын сақтап қалудың бір жолы - олардың гаметаларының криобанкін құрастыру болып табылады. Бұл әдеби шолудың мақсаты иттердің (Canis lupus familiaris) гаметалары мен жыныс бездерін криоконсервациялау әдістері туралы жаңа мәліметтер беру. Мұнда криоконсервациялау кезінде аталған жасушалар мен ұлпалардың құрылысына әсер ететін криозақымдану түрлері және зақымдану әсерлерінен жасушалардың функциональді бұзылыстары мен оларды болдырмаудың стратегиялық тәсілдері қарастырылады. Жасушаларды жеке және ұлпа түрінде криоконсервациялаудың ұқсастықтары мен айырмашылықтары, сондай-ақ криоконсервациялаудың белгілі бір түрін таңдаудың дәлелдемелері мен негізгі принциптері анықталады. Әртүрлі талдау аспектілері мен бұл жануарлардың жасушаларын криоконсервациялаудағы кедергілер мен жақсы нәтиже алынған тұстары талқыланады. Бұл ұсынылған мәліметтер өз кезегінде болашақта осы әдістердің тиімді шешімдерін құрастыру үшін пайдалы болуы мүмкін.
The study examines the ecological and geographical characteristics of Astragalus ammodendron, a typical species of desert ecosystems in Central Asia. The species is distributed in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and China, preferring sandy and clay deserts, where it forms stable phytocenoses. The aim of the study is to analyze the ecological and geographical plasticity of A. ammodendron, its adaptive mechanisms, and its role in ecosystem stabilization. The research employs route reconnaissance, ecological-systematic, and ecological-geographical methods. A comparative analysis of contemporary and historical herbarium data from collections in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan was conducted, along with cartographic modeling of the species’ range using QGIS 3.34. The obtained data confirm the species' drought resistance, its ability to stabilize sandy substrates, and its formation of specific communities with Haloxylon aphyllum, Calligonum leucocladum, and Artemisia terrae-albae. In some areas, population fragmentation has been observed due to anthropogenic factors, including livestock grazing and changes in the hydrological regime. This study contributes to understanding the ecological and geographical patterns of desert plants and their phytocenotic role. The practical significance of the results lies in their potential application for monitoring, conservation, and restoration of ecosystems undergoing degradation due to climate change and anthropogenic impact.
