To identify the clinical, anatomical, and prosthetic factors independently associated with ocular prosthesis motility in anophthalmic patients. This prospective cross-sectional study included 107 patients with unilateral anophthalmia wearing acrylic prostheses. Horizontal prosthesis motility was graded relative to the fellow eye by three independent masked examiners using a five-point ordinal scale. Candidate predictors associated in univariate analysis (p ≤ 0.10) were entered into blockwise multivariable regression across five domains: clinical background, socket and eyelid findings, socket motility parameters, prosthesis primary gaze alignment, and prosthesis structural dimensions. Independent predictors of prosthesis motility were socket temporal motility (β = 0.36, p < 0.001), time since anophthalmia (β = –0.23, p = 0.003), prosthesis primary gaze alignment (β = 0.21, p = 0.002), socket downward motility (β = 0.20, p = 0.027), inferior fornix depth (β = 0.19, p = 0.007), and levator function (β = 0.15, p = 0.042), together explaining 67
To summarize optical coherence tomography (OCT)–detected retinal and choroidal changes in pre-eclampsia (PE), to support clinicians in interpreting these changes within the clinical context. We systematically searched four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) through February 2025 to identify observational studies comparing OCT metrics in PE versus control groups. Pooled mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95
To evaluate ocular surface findings in androgen deficiency and assess changes after androgen replacement therapy (ART). This study included 77 male participants, with only the right eye of each subject evaluated. Serum total testosterone levels were measured, and participants were categorized as Group 1 (testicular hypofunction, n = 37, testosterone < 231 ng/dL) and Group 2 (eugonadal controls, n = 40, testosterone > 346 ng/dL). AMS and OSDI scores were recorded. Ophthalmologic examinations included BCVA, IOP, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction- Grading System (MGD-GS) score, corneal staining, TBUT, Schirmer I/II tests, and tear osmolarity. Anterior segment OCT assessed inferior tear meniscus parameters. Group 1 received intramuscular testosterone (Sustanon 250 mg) every two weeks, and evaluations were repeated at Weeks 6 and 18. Correlations between testosterone levels and ocular surface parameters were analyzed. At baseline, AMS and OSDI scores, MGD-GS score, corneal staining and tear osmolarity were significantly higher in Group 1. At the same time, Schirmer I/II values, TBUT, tear meniscus area (TMA), tear meniscus height (TMH), and tear meniscus depth (TMD) were lower (p < 0.05). After ART, testosterone levels increased significantly, with AMS and OSDI scores, tear osmolarity, MGD-GS score and corneal staining decreasing (p < 0.05). Schirmer I/II, TMA, TMH and TMD increased (p < 0.05). TBUT increased; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Testosterone levels correlated negatively with AMS, OSDI, and tear osmolarity (r = − 0.656, − 0.497, − 0.597) and weakly with MGD-GS score and corneal staining (r = − 0.351, − 0.342). Positive correlations were observed with TBUT, Schirmer II, TMA, TMH and TMD. Androgen deficiency significantly impacts ocular surface health, particularly in dry eye disease. ART was associated with favorable changes in several ocular surface parameters and symptoms in individuals with androgen deficiency, supporting a potential role of androgens in ocular surface homeostasis.
Background: The anterior segment and its adnexa, including the eyelids, tear film, cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, anterior chamber, aqueous humour, iris, ciliary body, and lens, play essential roles in ocular health and visual function. Clinical assessment of these structures should begin with a comprehensive examination using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, followed, when indicated, by more detailed evaluation with specialised imaging techniques. Purpose: This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical and imaging methods available for assessment of the anterior segment and its adnexa, ranging from conventional approaches, such as slit-lamp biomicroscopy, to advanced modalities including anterior segment optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, and digital imaging systems. Particular attention is given to recent technological advances, including high-resolution anterior segment imaging, automated meibography, and tear film analysis devices. Discussion: This review highlights the clinical relevance, diagnostic value, strengths, and limitations of each technique, emphasising the importance of integrating complementary diagnostic tools to achieve accurate diagnosis, personalised management, and improved patient outcomes. Future perspectives: Finally, this review discusses emerging technologies and future perspectives, with particular emphasis on the integration of multimodal imaging and artificial intelligence-assisted approaches to further improve diagnostic accuracy, personalise clinical management, and optimise patient outcomes.
Dacryocystitis, an inflammation of the lacrimal sac typically caused by nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO), is often treated with endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR). Silicone intubation is commonly employed during the procedure to help maintain ostial patency; however, its effectiveness remains debated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine whether silicone intubation improves surgical outcomes compared with EN-DCR performed without intubation in patients with chronic dacryocystitis (CD). A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and CENTRAL identified 19 eligible retrospective and prospective studies involving 1,236 eyes (655 with intubation, 581 without) from inception to June 3, 2025. Studies were eligible if they involved patients with CD undergoing EN-DCR and compared outcomes between procedures performed with or without silicone intubation. Exclusion criteria included ipsilateral rhinitis, case reports, review articles, and studies without a comparative arm. Primary outcomes included surgical success rates, functional success, patency, and complication rates at various follow-up intervals. Risk of bias was assessed using Risk of bias 2 (ROB2) and Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS) for observational studies. Statistical analyses were conducted using RStudio (R version 4.6.1). Certainty of evidence was appraised using the GRADE framework, and publication bias was assessed via funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s regression test using RStudio (R version 4.6.1). This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD420251072646). The overall surgical-success analysis included 1,221 eyes and showed no statistically significant difference between EN-DCR with versus without silicone intubation (OR = 0.83, 95
