Cold-water immersion (CWI) is commonly used as a post-exercise recovery strategy; however, the effects of upper-extremity CWI on perceptual, biochemical, and performance recovery following basketball-specific exercise remain unclear. Therefore, this exploratory crossover study aimed to examine the potential effects of upper-extremity CWI on fatigue-related responses, blood lactate concentration, and physical performance following a simulated basketball competition in amateur basketball players. Seventeen participants completed three experimental sessions in a randomized crossover design: 10-minute cold-water immersion (CWI10), 15-minute cold-water immersion (CWI15), and passive recovery (PAS), with a 1-week washout period between sessions. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was assessed immediately after the simulated basketball competition (post-test) and after recovery (post-recovery). Countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m sprint performance, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated at pre-test, post-test, and post-recovery. Within-condition analyses demonstrated significant reductions in BLa and RPE from post-test to postrecovery across all conditions (p < 0.05). CMJ performance decreased significantly from post-test to post-recovery in the CWI15 and PAS conditions (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed among CWI10, CWI15, and PAS for any outcome measures. These exploratory findings suggest that upper-extremity CWI did not confer additional recovery benefits compared with passive recovery following a simulated basketball competition. Further studies involving larger sample sizes and additional physiological measurements are warranted to clarify the potential role of upper-extremity CWI in basketball recovery strategies.
Summary. Aim. This review aimed to evaluate the effects of combined training, HRV-guided training, and aerobic training on cardiac autonomic function and other health-related outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Review methods. A systematic search was conducted across nine electronic databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A total of 11 RCTs involving 489 participants were included. The quality of the 11 included studies was assessed using two study quality and reporting assessment scales (TESTEX and STARDHRV). Key points. Exercise interventions lasted 6–16 weeks, with 2–5 sessions per week and 30–60 min per session. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies in both exercise prescriptions and HRV assessment protocols. Evidence comparing different training modalities remains limited and inconsistent. Some studies reported improvements in vmHRV indices (RMSSD, HF (ms²), and SD1) following combined training or HRV-guided training, although these findings were not consistently replicated across studies. Aerobic training generally showed limited and heterogeneous effects on HRV outcomes. Exercise interventions, however, showed more consistent improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. While current evidence does not support a definitive superiority of any single exercise modality, combined training and HRV-guided approaches show possible benefits for improving cardiac autonomic regulation and may inform individualized cardiac rehabilitation strategies. Future research may benefit from larger randomized controlled trials using standardized HRV assessment protocols.
Aim. This study examined how volleyball players scale overhead passing distance by modulating muscle synergy structure. Methods. Twenty-four experienced, right-hand-dominant male volleyball players performed overhead passes to targets at 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 m. Surface electromyography was recorded from 11 upper-limb, trunk, and lower-limb muscles. Muscle synergies were extracted using non-negative matrix factorization. Motor modules were defined as muscle-weighting patterns, whereas motor primitives were defined as the corresponding time-varying activation profiles. Module similarity was assessed using cosine similarity, and distance-dependent changes in motor primitives were evaluated using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping. Results. Three synergies were consistently identified across all passing distances with high reconstruction quality. Increasing passing distance did not require additional synergies. Instead, longer passes were characterized by reweighting of M1-M2 toward greater lower-limb contribution, while M3 remained highly stable. Motor-primitive peak timing was largely preserved across distances, whereas activation amplitudes increased within specific time windows. Conclusion. Distance scaling in volleyball overhead passing appears to be achieved primarily through reweighting of existing motor modules and gain modulation of motor primitives rather than through recruitment of additional synergies or temporal reorganization. These findings provide a synergy-based explanation of how players increase passing distance while maintaining temporal coordination and may help coaches design distance-progressive passing drills that preserve technical consistency.
Background. Although pre-participation screening (PPS) has been extensively studied in summer Olympic athletes, data on winter Olympic disciplines remain limited. The aim of the study is to evaluate cardiovascular and card iometabolic abnormalities in elite athletes selected for the Milano-Cortina 2026 Winter Olympic Games and to compare these findings with previous Olympic cohorts. Methods. Athletes who were candidates for the Milano-Cortina 2026 Winter Olympic Games underwent a comprehensive multidisciplinary PPS evaluation including medical history, ECG, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and full blood analysis. Athletes were classified according to ESC (skill, power, mixed, endurance). Additional investigations were performed when clinically indicated. Results. 340 athletes were enrolled (43.2% female, mean age 26.8 +/- 0.3 years). 65 (19.1%) showed cardiovascular abnormalities at first-level screening. Exercise-induced arrhythmias represented the most frequent abnormality (60%), followed by ECG and echocardiographic alterations. After second-level evaluation, cardiovascular alterations were established in 31 athletes (47.7% of those with initial abnormalities), including atrial dilation, aortic root dilation, valvular abnormalities, borderline QT prolongation, and myocardial scar. Only one athlete (0.3% of the total cohort) was deemed not eligible for competitive sport due to extensive myocardial scar associated with arrhythmias. Regarding card iometabolic profile, 79 athletes (23.2%) exhibited abnormal values, predominantly isolated hypercholesterolemia (77.2%). Conclusions. Olympic winter athletes are not exempt from cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. The implementation of an advanced, multidisciplinary PPS protocol enabled the identification of clinically relevant abnormalities that could impact both athlete safety and performance. These findings highlight the importance of tailored screening strategies in winter sports and support the role of comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation in Olympic athletes.
Background. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is a low-load resistance strategy that promotes muscular adaptations with reduced mechanical stress. However, its effects combined with isometric resistance training on performance and muscle damage markers remain unclear. Methods. Twenty physically active young men were randomly assigned to isometric resistance training with BFR (n = 10) or without BFR (CON, n = 10). Both groups completed an 8-week program (two sessions per week) at 50% maximal voluntary contraction. Muscular endurance, anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, and muscle damage markers (creatine kinase [CK] and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) were assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results. Isometric resistance training significantly improved muscular endurance in both groups (p < 0.05), with no additional effect of BFR. Anaerobic power improved only in the CON group (p < 0.05), while aerobic capacity remained unchanged. CK levels were significantly lower in the BFR group compared with CON (p < 0.05), whereas no between-group difference was observed for LDH. Conclusion. Eight weeks of isometric resistance training enhanced muscular endurance regardless of BFR. Although BFR did not further improve performance outcomes, it was associated with reduced CK levels, suggesting a potentially favorable muscle damage response.
Summary. Background. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of scoliosis and to assess the contribution of body composition among children in the upper grades of primary school. Methods. The sample consisted of 484 school-aged children from fifth to eighth grade of both genders. Chi-square (χ²) tests with supplementary Z-tests were used to examine differences in frequencies, while discriminant analysis was applied to evaluate the contribution of body composition parameters to scoliosis. Results. The results indicated that scoliosis was present in 39.5% of the participants (M=32.5%; F=47%). A gender related differences were observed in the prevalence of scoliosis and normal posture (M=0.000; F=0.393). Further analysis showed significant gender difference (overall=0.001; by grades: V=0.053; VI=0.155; VII=0.186; VIII=0.050). Discriminant analysis indicated limited and grade-specific associations between body composition parameters and scoliosis (BFMkg=-.638; PBF=-.692; RSMM=.734; PFFM=.615). Conclusions. It can be concluded that there is a high prevalence of scoliosis among older primary school children. Gender differences were also observed, indicating that strategies to address scoliosis and associated body composition parameters should be tailored according to both gender and age.
Summary. Background. Contextual factors such as match location, opponent quality, and match outcome are known to influence performance in professional football. However, limited evidence exists regarding their impact on both internal and external load within a microcycle. Methods. Twenty-two professional players (age 26.45 ± 3.35 years) were monitored over 15 competitive weeks. External load was measured using 10 Hz GPS devices, including total distance, high-speed running distance and sprint distance and number of sprints (≥25.2 km·h⁻¹), accelerations/decelerations and zonal distances Internal load was assessed via session-RPE. Repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t-tests were used to examine the effects of contextual factors. Results. Training loads were significantly higher before matches against medium-level opponents in terms of high-speed running distance (p<0.01) and number (p=0.006). Match performance did not differ significantly across opponent quality. Away matches imposed greater external load than home matches, with higher high-speed running (p=0.016), number of high-speed runs (p=0.006), and decelerations (p=0.042). In training, the number of sprints was significantly higher in weeks that ended in a draw (p<0.003). Zonal analysis showed significant differences in zone-3 distances while zone-1 and 2 were unaffected. Conclusıons. Contextual factors, particularly match location and opponent quality, significantly shape weekly training and match demands in professional football. Coaches should adjust training loads and recovery strategies in anticipation of increased demands in away matches and matches against medium-level opponents.
Summary. The purpose of this study was to quantify how tennis players of different skill levels regulate their center of mass (COM) and center of pressure (COP) during forehand volleys, and to identify biomechanical strategies associated with stable and efficient performance. Sixteen right-handed players (8 skilled and 8 non-skilled) performed standardized forehand volleys while three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded using a motion-capture system and force platforms. COM and COP trajectories (position, velocity, and acceleration) were extracted along the mediolateral, anteroposterior, and vertical axes and compared between groups using independent-samples t-tests. Skilled players exhibited substantially greater forward COM displacement, velocity, and acceleration in the anteroposterior direction than non-skilled, whereas mediolateral and vertical COM differences were small. In contrast, COP analysis showed that skilled players adopted a more medial COP position and a smaller forward COP shift between backswing and ball impact, indicating that their net COP remained closer to the center of the base of support. No significant group differences were found in COP velocity or acceleration along either axis, although skilled players tended to show lower anteroposterior COP velocity. Together, these findings suggest that skilled players coordinate a more aggressive forward projection of the COM with relatively constrained COP shifts, consistent with an anticipatory and economical postural control strategy during forehand volleys. Anticipatory regulation of COM relative to COP may therefore represent an important contributor to successful volley performance and a potential target for balance- and posture-oriented training interventions in tennis.
Summary. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current state of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) management through adapted physical activity (APA). Scientific literature is used to highlight strategies for implementing interventions that include personalized and tailored physical activity programs, consistent with patients’ abilities, agreed upon with them, and effective in significantly slowing disease progression. Sports with characteristics suitable for adapting to different levels of disease severity are described, including the use of compensatory tools that allow participation even for patients with severely reduced muscle contractility. The concept of inclusive sport and its valuable outcomes is continuously linked to clinical contexts. Consequently, several factors converge to enhance the role of the kinesiologist and to develop innovative sports combinations capable of counteracting the disease, while also strengthening patients’ social and relational skills.
Summary. Clinical report. A 43-year-old woman, a swimmer and tennis instructor, showed up with syncope and prolonged reflex asystole. Admitted to the Cardiology Department, she underwent transvenous left subclavian pacemaker (PMK) implantation. Three weeks later, she complained of edema in her left arm, with evidence of subclavian vein thrombosis, and was started on anticoagulant therapy. After the resolution of the thrombosis, she continued to complain of shoulder discomfort and pain when moving her arm, making it difficult to perform her daily tasks. Therefore, the generator and catheters were removed, and a leadless PMK was implanted. One month later, the patient reported complete recovery of arm mobility and was able to resume swimming without limitations after two months. Discussion. Sports in PMK recipients, although recommended, have limitations due to the underlying disease, dependence on pacing, and the risk of direct trauma. Leadless PMKs are completely intracardiac and offer a significant reduction in complications related to the surgical pocket or lead, a lower risk of infection, and potential direct trauma. The absence of a subcutaneous device offers greater freedom of joint movement, the absence of visible scarring, and a quicker return to activity.
Summary. Background. Injections into the posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee are effective for treating or diagnosing lateral and rotational knee pathologies. However, due to the intricate anatomy and proximity of neurovascular structures, precision is essential. This study aims to identify anatomically safe zones for PLC knee injections and evaluate dye distribution with respect to critical neurovascular structures. Methods. Ten cadaveric knees (5 left and 5 right) without pathological lesions were dissected in the Anatomy Laboratory of the Health Sciences University Gulhane Medical Faculty. Anatomical landmarks and the injection procedures were documented through video recording. Additionally, a topographic anatomy demonstration was performed using a volunteer who had provided informed consent. Results. The video recording clearly illustrated critical anatomical structures of the PLC and their relationships during injection procedures. In all 10 cadaver knees, targeted injections were completed without dye leakage toward vital neurovascular bundles such as the common peroneal nerve or vascular structures. This anatomical preservation was confirmed visually and documented. Topographic equivalents were also demonstrated on a volunteer with informed consent. No dye spread was observed toward critical neurovascular structures in any of the 10 specimens. Conclusions. PLC injections are high-precision procedures that require detailed anatomical knowledge. Mastery of key landmarks significantly improves the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.
Summary. Background. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), including asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), Pneumothorax and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) represent major contributors to morbidity and functional impairment in the paediatric population. However, emerging evidence increasingly challenges this paradigm. The present synthesizes current research demonstrating that structured, individualized, and professionally exercise programs can play a beneficial role in disease management. Specifically, tailored physical activity has been shown to support symptom control, enhance pulmonary function, and promote overall quality of life in affected children. Methods. The document integrates international scientific literature from European Respiratory Society (ERS), Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), American Thoracic Society (ATS), European Cystic Fibrosis Society (ECFS) with Italian legislation (Ministerial Decree 18 February 1982 and 24 April 2013, as subsequently amended) and FMSI/SIMRI position paper. A two-tier model for respiratory evaluation (first- and second-level assessments) is proposed. Results. Physical exercise constituted an important therapeutic element in the management of asthma, CF, and BPD. The use of standardized assessment tools, such as spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) facilitates the development of individualized and safe exercise programs for paediatric patients. In Italy, national legislation ensures free pre-participation medical evaluation for all minors, thereby strengthening the role of systematic screening as a form of preventive medicine and supporting the safe integration of physical activity into clinical care. Conclusions. Physical activity is no longer regarded as a contraindication but rather as a fundamental therapeutic component in the management of paediatric respiratory diseases. The proposed framework integrates contemporary clinical evidence, comprehensive functional assessment, and relevant regulatory considerations into a unified, evidence-based model designed to support safe, effective and inclusive sports participation in sports for children with CRD.
Summary. Clinical report. The aim of this study is to examine the levels of professionalism, psychological resilience, and athlete self-efficacy of athletes in individual and team sports. Methods. A total of 384 athletes, 176 from individual and 208 from team sports, participated in the study. Participants completed the Personal Information Form, Professionalism Scale for Athletes, Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults, and Athlete Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21 software package; descriptive statistics, one-way (year of playing sport) and two-way (gender x sport type) analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to examine group differences. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine relationships between variables. Results. The findings revealed that athletes engaged in individual sports had higher levels of professionalism, psychological resilience and athlete self-efficacy competence. Moreover, male athletes demonstrated higher levels of professionalism, psychological resilience and athlete self-efficacy than woman athletes. Conclusions. These results suggest that athlete development is influenced not only by individual efforts but also by environmental, social, and structural factors.
Summary. Objective. This study aims to investigate the effects of green tea extract (GTE) on athletic performance and fatigue recovery. The objective is to establish a theoretical foundation for developing strategies to enhance athletic performance. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI for relevant research published from 2005 to the present.This article examines the effects of GTE supplementation on athletic performance by synthesizing relevant literature. Results. A total of 36 papers were included in this review. The results indicate that supplementation with GTE during regular exercise effectively enhances the activity and expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving the body’s overall antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, GTE supplementation was found to enhance athletic performance. It mitigates oxidative stress induced by high-intensity exercise, which aids in improving physiological function and preventing muscular oxidative damage. Concurrently, it enhances lipid metabolism and fat breakdown during exercise, reduces hepatic glucose consumption, and delays the onset of fatigue. Conclusions. Supplementing with GTE during regular exercise effectively enhances the body’s antioxidant capacity and improves athletic fitness levels such as endurance. It reduces muscle damage and delays fatigue by mitigating oxidative stress and promoting lipid metabolism.
Summary. Background. Although earlier research has shown that different strength training methods have varying impacts, there are not many studies that examine the impact of this important ability in women’s soccer, and the results need to be systematized. In this regard, the aim of this study was to compile a review of the literature on the effects of different strength training on sprint, jump and strength performance in female soccer players. Methods. A systematic review of the multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost and Science Direct) for studies was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were: (1) published between 2000 and 2024; (2) full-text study published in English; (3) the experimental study included healthy and injury-free female soccer players as participant sample; (4) studies which have not included the supplementation usage; (5) dealing with strength training. The authors independently conducted the evaluation with PEdro scale to assess the quality and risk of bias (k = 0.95). Outcomes assessed in this study were enhancements in sprint times, jump performance (vertical and horizontal), and strength parameters like maximal squat strength and peak power. Results. Electronic databases search, yielded 175 relevant studies, 34 studies were assessed for eligibility and, after screening, a total of 16 studies have satisfied the pre-defined criteria. Based on the systematic review, it was found that strength training influences the improvement of linear sprint performance (9 studies), vertical jump (15 studies) and strength performance (5 studies). Generally, the greatest contributions are in strength, followed by jump performance, and finally sprinting. Conclusion. It should be emphasized that although various strength training methods (resistance, isometric, traditional training) appear effective, plyometric training achieves greater improvements than these methods in jump and sprint performance. This systematic research can be beneficial for conditioning coaches as it provides specific information on the impact of certain strength training methods in conditioning female soccer players.
Summary. Cardio-respiratory coherence or Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) represents an innovative and increasingly studied technique for the recovery of psychophysical well-being. It integrates the control of heart rate variability (HRV) with mindful breathing and BioFeedback at specific frequencies and breathing patterns. This state of synchronization between heart rhythm and breathing has been associated with numerous benefits, including stress reduction, improved emotional regulation, enhanced cognitive, physical, and athletic performance, and strengthened psychophysical resilience. This review explores the underlying mechanisms of cardio-respiratory coherence, with particular attention to the interac-tion between the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, the effects of cardio-respiratory coherence on mental and physical health are examined through the analysis of recent studies, highlighting the potential of this practice as a non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention for stress-related disorders, anxiety, depression, and psychophysical health and performance. The findings suggest that integrating cardio-respiratory coherence into care protocols and prevention programs may represent an effective strategy for the recovery and maintenance of psychophysical well-being.
Background. In recent years, several studies have been published with the aim of exploring differences in anthropometric and cardiorespiratory parameters among team sport players. However, no studies have investigated the differences between volleyball and football players, which could be useful for strength and conditioning coaches in these sports by clarifying the differences in physical performance between these groups of athletes. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the differences in anthropometric and cardiorespiratory variables between professional football and volleyball players. Methods. In this research the sample of participants consisted of 51 professional male athletes divided into two groups: football (n=38, age 23.42 +/- 3.24 years) and volleyball players (n=13, aged 27.62 +/- 3.59 years), all competing in the first league of Serbia, the top-tier national competition for football and volleyball. For the assessment of anthropometric and cardiorespiratory status, five morphological and 13 cardiorespiratory parameters were measured. Body composition was assessed using a bioelectrical impedance device (Omron BF 300, Kyoto, Japan). While cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using a maximal progressive treadmill test, with direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) using the Fitmate MED device (Cosmed, Rome, Italy), along with continuous heart rate monitoring. Capillary blood samples were also collected, and lactate concentration was immediately determined using a lactate analyzer. Results. Between subjects t-test analysis, revealed that volleyball players have higher values of body height, body weight, and muscle mass compared to football players (p<0.001, Cohen's d ranged 2.224-4.983), while football players demonstrated better performance in most cardiorespiratory parameters (p ranged from p<0.001 to 0.049, Cohens'd ranged from 0.749-4.651). Conclusions. This study is very important as it is the first to compare the anthropometric and cardiorespiratory capabilities of professional football and volleyball players. Therefore, these results can be useful for conditioning coaches in these sports by clarifying the differences in physical performance between these groups of athletes, which can aid in the development of their training plans.
Background. Blood flow restricted (BFR) training represents a new approach to exercise. The angle of peak torque (APT) is the joint angle at which a muscle reaches maximal torque, measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Time to peak torque (TPT) is the duration until the point above is reached. This study aimed to examine the impact of isokinetic training with BFR on APT and TPT. Methods. The data of two groups of patients who underwent knee concentric exercise on the isokinetic device were utilized. One group consisted of isokinetic exercise combined with BFR and the other group consisted of concentric isokinetic exercise only. The assessments of APT, TPT, and peak torque/body weight (PT/BW) for both knee flexor muscles were conducted using an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 60 degrees and 180 degrees/sec. Results. Before the implementation of the exercise protocols, no significant difference was observed between the BFR and control groups concerning APT, TPT, and PT/BW values at speeds of both 60 degrees and 180 degrees/sec angular velocities (p>0.05). After the completion of the exercise protocol, the APT of flexion at 60 degrees/sec angular velocity exhibited a more pronounced decline in the BFR group relative to the control group. (p= 0.017). Conclus & imath;ons. As BFR can affect different fiber types by different mechanisms, it may have caused a change in APT even though it made no difference to peak torque. This may also signify a comparatively substantial augmentation in the eccentric strength, but further research is needed to confirm these assumptions.
Background. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between plantar skin resistance and performance parameters of football players. Methods. A total of twenty-one football players participated in the study. Ten participants were categorized into FSR-A (Foot Skin Resistance-A: below-average foot skin resistance, 17.40 +/- 0.51 years), and eleven participants were categorized into FSR-B (Foot Skin Resistance-B: above-average foot skin resistance, 17.55 +/- 0.68 years), forming two groups. Plantar skin resistance level measurements were made by fixing the electrodes to the plantar region of the foot with a multimeter instrument called Digital Multimeter (DT-890DL). Anthropometric measurements of the participants, balance measurements, speed measurements and vertical jump measurements were made. Results. A significant difference was found in 30-meter sprint performance in favor of the group with below foot skin resistance (p=0.03*) compared to the group with above foot skin resistance (p=0.77). However, no significant differences were observed in balance right, balance left, balance double, and CMJ (Countermovement jump) performance between the two groups. Conclusions. This research showed that simple parameters such as lower foot skin resistance can indirectly affect the 30-meter sprint performance of the athletes. According to these results, coaches should consider that specific measurements such as skin resistance levels can be effective in physical capacity assessments and training planning of athletes.
Background. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex, multifactorial condition characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and other somatic and psychological symptoms. It predominantly affects women, who represent the vast majority of diagnosed cases. While exercise is the only strongly recommended intervention by current EULAR guidelines, research on body awareness and motor control-oriented modalities remain limited. This pilot study assessed the feasibility and preliminary effects of a 12-week sensorimotor training program on pain, symptoms, sleep quality, psychological aspects, and physical function in women with FM. Methods. Five women with FM (mean age 56 +/- 7.7 years) completed a 12-week supervised sensorimotor training program (2 sessions/week). Assessments were conducted pre-and post-intervention using validated questionnaires (BPI, FIQR, PSQI, SF-36, TSK) and physical tests (Sit-to-Stand, flexibility, balance). Due to the small sample, non-parametric analyses were used. Results. The intervention was feasible, with full adherence, no drop out and no adverse events. Significant improvements were observed in perceived pain (BPI, p=0.043, g =-2.14), FIQR total and function domain scores (p=0.043, g=-1.26), and sleep quality (PSQI, p=0.042, g=-1.42). Physical function improved significantly in Sit-to-Stand, Sit and Reach, Trunk Rotation, and static/ dynamic balance tests (p<0.05), with moderate-large effect size. No significant changes were found in quality of life and kinesiophobia. Conclusions. Sensorimotor training is a feasible and potentially effective intervention for fibromyalgia symptoms, with preliminary benefits on pain, sleep, disease symptoms and physical function. These findings support further investigation in larger randomized controlled trials to establish its clinical utility and long-term outcomes.
