We investigated factors associated with incident gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in women receiving osteoporosis treatment. This retrospective cohort study included 82 women with osteoporosis, baseline Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD (FSSG) scores < 8, and an available follow-up assessment at least 4 years later. Incident questionnaire-defined GERD was defined as a final follow-up FSSG score ≥ 8 among participants with baseline scores < 8. Clinical characteristics, radiographic parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, and muscle strength were compared between groups. Separate age-adjusted logistic regression models assessed follow-up back extensor strength and percentage changes in back extensor strength and lumbar spine BMD expressed as a percentage of the young adult mean (
Declining gait speed is strongly associated with future long-term care (LTC) dependency in older adults; however, its risk factors remain unclear. This study aimed to identify predictors of gait speed decline and develop a simple risk scoring system. A total of 1,577 community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years were followed for 6 years. Of the 725 participants followed, 37 with baseline gait speed <1 m/s were excluded, leaving 688 for cohort analysis. Among these, 98 baseline factors were initially examined, and five predictors were selected. Complete data were available for 681 participants (91 with and 590 without gait speed decline). The five predictors were entered simultaneously into a multivariable logistic regression model, and a scoring system was developed based on the regression coefficients. The five predictors were age, pain/discomfort, mobility problems, exercise <3 days/week, and not feeling full of energy. The apparent AUC of the logistic model was 0.735 (95
Age-related kyphosis is a common manifestation of musculoskeletal aging associated with falls, mobility decline, reduced participation, and respiratory compromise in severe cases. This narrative review summarizes its relationships with osteoporosis, sarcopenia, locomotive syndrome, and frailty. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for English-language publications from database inception through December 31, 2025. Relevant evidence was reviewed narratively. Observational studies indicate that osteoporosis-associated vertebral fragility is an important structural contributor to kyphotic progression through clinically apparent or unrecognized vertebral fractures and progressive vertebral deformity. Degenerative disc changes and local trunk muscle dysfunction may also contribute through altered spinal loading and reduced active postural support. Evidence linking generalized sarcopenia to kyphosis remains inconsistent, whereas local trunk muscle dysfunction and poor paraspinal muscle quality may be more directly relevant. Kyphosis may coexist with locomotive syndrome and physical frailty, but these associations do not establish causality. Assessment should include bone mineral density, vertebral fracture status, regional and global sagittal alignment, trunk muscle function, and mobility. Management should combine appropriate osteoporosis treatment, trunk-focused exercise, posture training, and nutritional support. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify causal relationships and determine whether treatment preserves mobility and independence.
Romosozumab is highly effective for severe osteoporosis, but its cardiovascular safety is debated. The ARCH trial found more major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) with romosozumab than with alendronate, whereas the placebo-controlled FRAME trial found no signal. Real-world head-to-head data against alendronate are lacking. Using the TriNetX U.S. Collaborative Network, we identified women aged ≥55 years with severe osteoporosis (pathological, lumbar vertebral, or hip fracture within 2 years) who initiated romosozumab or alendronate, excluding those with any MACE in the prior 12 months. Cohorts were matched 1:1 by propensity score on demographics, cardiovascular comorbidities, medications, and laboratory parameters, and followed for 12 months. The primary outcome was a composite of MACE; secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction (MI), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and ischemic stroke. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox models. After matching, 5930 women remained per group (mean age 72 years; median follow-up 365 days). Romosozumab was not associated with an increased risk of MACE (HR 0.87; 95
To examine, separately by sex, whether inhalant allergy is associated with peripheral bone status assessed by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) in Slovak young adults. We analysed 649 adults aged 18–30 years (393 women, 256 men), classified as inhalant allergy (IA; 200 women, 114 men), other non-inhalant allergy (OA; 12 women, 9 men), or no allergy (NA; 181 women, 133 men). Speed of sound (SOS) and Z-scores were measured at the radius using the Sunlight MiniOmni (BeamMed, Israel). Group differences were analysed using Welch’s ANOVA with Games-Howell tests. Multiple linear regression assessed associations across four models (base, lifestyle-adjusted, current-treatment-adjusted, and past-treatment-adjusted), and combined models tested interactions between inhalant allergy group and sex. In men, Z-score differed across groups (p = 0.042), with lower values in IA than NA (− 0.502 ± 0.943 vs. − 0.187 ± 0.854; p = 0.019). IA was associated with lower Z-scores across all models (β = − 0.325 to − 0.365; p ≤ 0.021) and lower SOS in three models (β = − 0.260 to − 0.308; p ≤ 0.036). Reduced Z-score was more frequent in IA than NA men (6.1
