espanolGeorge Evelyn Hutchinson es reconocido como uno de los mejores limnologos y ecologos del siglo XX, cuyas aportaciones han sido cruciales para el desarrollo de la ecologia y limnologia moderna. Sus mas importantes contribuciones incluyen conceptos, teorias y clasificaciones vigentes en la actualidad como, por ejemplo, el concepto de nicho ecologico, la paradoja de Hutchinson y las clasificaciones de lagos. A partir de las ideas de Grinnell y Elton, Hutchinson sugirio que el concepto de nicho ecologico debia considerarse como un hipervolumen en el espacio ambiental originado por la respuesta multidimensional de las variables que determinan la estabilidad de las poblaciones. Esta nueva percepcion del nicho ecologico ha sido fundamental para el desarrollo de otras investigaciones en diferentes campos de la biologia, particularmente en la ecologia, la evolucion y la biogeografia. Por otro lado, el tratado de limnologia realizado por Hutchinson es considerado como la recopilacion mas extensa de la limnologia. Hutchinson intento dar respuesta a por que varias especies del fitoplancton que compiten por los mismos recursos pueden coexistir en un ecosistema acuatico que por naturaleza suele ser deficiente en nutrientes (conocido como la paradoja de Hutchinson). Los avances cientificos promovidos por Hutchinson han servido de fuente de inspiracion a muchas generaciones de biologos. EnglishGeorge Evelyn Hutchinson is recognised as one of the best limnologists and ecologists of the 20th century, whose contributions have been key for the development of modern ecology and limnology. His most important contributions include, concepts, theories and classifications currently used such as, for example, the ecological niche concept, Hutchinson’s paradox and lake classifications. Hutchinson redefined the ecological niche concept based on previous ideas of Grinnell and Elton, suggesting that it should be considered as a hypervolume in the environmental space caused by the multidimensional response of variables that determine the stability of populations. This new perception of the ecological niche has been fundamental for the development of other investigations in different fields of biology, in particular in ecology, evolution, and biogeography. Furthermore, Hutchinson’s treatise on limnology is considered as the most extensive compilation of limnology. Hutchinson aimed to answer why several species of phytoplankton that compete for the same resources can coexist in an aquatic ecosystem which is usually nutrient deficient (known as the Hutchinson’s paradox). The scientific advances promoted by Hutchinson have inspired many generations of biologists
espanolLa accesibilidad y diversidad del entorno natural de Huermeces del Cerro, situado en el norte de la provincia de Guadalajara (centro de Espana), permite la ensenanza en campo de distintas Ciencias Naturales, entre ellas la Geologia, pudiendo abordarse en el mismo espacio aspectos muy diversos de esta disciplina (estratigrafia, paleontologia, tectonica…). Por ello, se propone aqui un itinerario didactico, orientado fundamentalmente a complementar e integrar los contenidos conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales mostrados en las clases teoricas con la realidad que impone la geologia de campo y sus procesos. Este itinerario ha sido disenado para realizarse como una salida de dia completo (con unas 5-6 h de duracion). Permite reconocer, a lo largo de 10 paradas, materiales paleozoicos, mesozoicos y cenozoicos (basicamente paleogenos y cuaternarios), fosiles (fundamentalmente invertebrados marinos del Cretacico, y restos de vertebrados continentales del Eoceno-Oligoceno), asi como estructuras tectonicas (pliegues, cabalgamientos, fallas…) principalmente relacionadas con la Orogenia Alpina, tratando paralelamente otros aspectos relacionados con la Geologia EnglishThe accessibility and diversity of the natural environment of Huermeces del Cerro, located north of the Guadalajara province (central Spain), allows teaching in the field different Natural Sciences, including Geology, being able to address many diverse aspects of this discipline in the same area (stratigraphy, paleontology, tectonics…). For this reason, a didactic itinerary is proposed here, mainly oriented to complement and integrate the conceptual, procedural and attitudinal contents seen in the theoretical classes with the reality imposed by field geology and its processes. This itinerary has been designed to be carried out as a full day fieldtrip (about 5-6 hours). It allows to recognize, along 10 geological stops, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic materials (basically Paleogene and Quaternary), fossils (mainly marine invertebrates from the Cretaceous, and remains of continental vertebrates from the Eocene-Oligocene), as well as tectonic structures (folds, thrusts, faults…) mainly related to the Alpine Orogeny, along with other aspects related to Geology.
espanolFrankliniella occidentalis Pergande 1895 y F. insularis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) atacan limon mexicano en el valle de Apatzingan, Michoacan Mexico. Los trips estan presentes durante todo el ano, con altas poblaciones de noviembre a junio, decrecen de julio a octubre durante el periodo de lluvias y causan un dano economico considerable al cultivo cuando se incrementa su poblacion. Con el objetivo de evaluar productos en lima mexicana para el control de trips y el impacto en los insectos beneficos. Se realizaron dos pruebas de efectividad biologica en diferentes epocas del ano en donde se evaluaron 12 productos biorracionales y tres atrayentes alimenticios sobre trips y su impacto en los enemigos naturales. Los principales enemigos naturales encontrados fueron: Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister, 1839, Cycloneda sanguinea (L., 1763), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, 1842, Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant, 1866) y Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1857), Sthetorus sp, Leptotrips sp. Orius sp., diferentes especies de aranas y fitoseidos. Los depredadores mas abundantes fueron las crisopas C. rufilabris y C. cincta. El Spirotetramat®, el Pyrofluquinazon, Tolfenpirad y la mezcla Biocrack® mas Fractal®, fueron los mejores productos para el control de trips. El periodo residual vario de los 13 a 27 dias despues de aplicado el producto segun la epoca del ano. La mezcla Spirotetramat® mas BioBait® tuvo un efecto en el control despues de seis dias. La floracion mas susceptible al dano de trips fue la de abril-mayo (80% de frutos danados). EnglishFrankliniella occidentalis Pergande 1895 and F. insularis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) attack Mexican lime at Apatzingan Valley, Michoacan, Mexico. The trips were presents all year, however the number of adults increased of november to june y, and fall of july to october, during period rain and causing high damage to plant when the population of pest increasing of populations. With of objective to evaluate different products in Mexican lime for the control over trips and the impact of natural enemies. We effect two The most important natural enemies of trips were: Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister, 1839, Cycloneda sanguinea (L., 1763), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, 1842, Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant, 1866) and Zelus renardii (Kolenati, 1857), Sthetorus sp, Leptotrips sp., Orius sp., differents species of spinders and phytosaids. The enemies most important were the crisopids C. rufilabris y C. cincta The best products for the control of trips were El Spirotetramat®, el Pyrofluquinazon, Tolfenpyrad and the mixture Biocrack® mas Fractal®. The protection was 13 to 27 days post aplicacion the acord to seaason yerss. Spirotetramat with BioBait were the best treat post sixe day post aplications. The period most suceptibilty was april-may (80% damage fruist mexican lemon).
espanolA finales del siglo XVIII, el fisico aleman Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827) publico un ensayo sobre las bolas de fuego, masas de hierro o aerolitos que ocasionalmente caian sobre la Tierra. En ese trabajo se refutaban conjeturas previas que intentaban explicar este fenomeno mediante procesos relacionados con la humedad atmosferica, la accion de los rayos, fusiones provocadas por incendios de bosques o vetas de carbon, o el volcanismo lunar. Chladni proponia una teoria alternativa: el origen cosmico o extraterrestre de todos estos materiales. Sus ideas se basaban en un estudio comparativo entre las diferentes muestras existentes, y en los casos acaecidos de acuerdo con los informes de muchos testigos oculares. Implicitamente aplicaba a este fenomeno, considerado como natural, el principio del actualismo, con el que era factible explicar el pasado a partir del presente, asi como el principio de la uniformidad de las leyes naturales, tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo, lo que permitia relacionar las caracteristicas estructurales y mineralogicas de las diferentes muestras entre si. A pesar de que en los anos siguientes aparecieron diversos trabajos geoquimicos que apoyaban el origen cosmico, el reconocimiento definitivo tardo en llegar, incluso algunos anos tras la muerte de Chladni, con personalidades tan relevantes como Laplace, Somerville y Humboldt. Este ensayo esta considerado el trabajo fundacional de la Meteoritica. EnglishAt the end of the 18th Century, an essay on fireballs, masses of iron or aeroliths, that occasionally fell on Earth, was published by the German physicist Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827). In that work, previous conjectures trying to provide an explanation of this phenomenon were refuted, among them several ideas such as processes related to atmospheric humidity, the action of lightning, mergers caused by both forest fires and coal seams, or Moon volcanism. Chladni proposed an alternative theory: the cosmic or extraterrestrial origin of all these materials. His ideas were based on a comparative study among the different existing samples, as well as on the cases which had occurred according to the reports of many eyewitnesses. Chladni considered this phenomenon as being natural in origin, and he implicitly applied the principle of actualism, with which it was possible to explain the past from the present, but also the principle of uniformity of natural laws, both in the space and in the time, with which was possible to stablish a relationship between the structural and mineralogical characteristics of the different samples. Despite the fact that various geochemical works were published in the following years which supported the cosmic origin, the definitive recognition was slow to arrive, even some years after Chladni’s death, but main personalities such as Laplace, Somerville, and Humboldt, among others, had contributed to it. This essay has been considered the most important work in the foundation of Meteoritics
espanolSe describe una poblacion de Encyonema recogida en el rio Zambeze, cerca de las cataratas Victoria, Namibia, y se ilustra en detalle con la ayuda de microscopia optica y electronica. Este taxon ya habia sido presentado en la literatura bajo el nombre de E. volkii, se discuten aqui las razones que llevan a tratar esta especie como un nuevo taxon independiente. Encyonema ratpanati sp. nov. Puede ser facilmente diferenciado de E. volkii por su contorno mas lineal (cociente largo/ancho de hasta 4.3 vs. hasta 3.5 en E. volkii), su menor grado de dorsiventralidad, la ausencia de apices rostrados a lo largo de toda la serie decreciente, el area central mas ancha una areolacion mas densa (>26 lineolas cada 10 µm y no 20–22 como en E. volkii). EnglishAn Encyonema population collected in the Zambeze River near the Victoria Falls, Namibia, is here described and illustrated in detail with the aid of LM and SEM microscopy. This taxon had already been presented in the literature under the name E. volkii, the reasons leading to treat this species as a new, independent taxon are here discussed. Encyonema ratpanati sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from E. volkii by its more linear outline (length-to-width ratio up to 4.3 vs. up to 3.5 in E. volkii), its lower degree of dorsiventrality, lack of rostrate apices throughout the whole diminution series, wider axial area and denser areolation (>26 lineolae per 10 µm and not 20–22 as in E. volkii).
espanolEn el presente trabajo se analiza la evolucion del conocimiento ictiologico del mar de Galicia a lo largo de la historia mediante un enfoque interdisciplinario que integra informacion documentada procedente de fuentes de diversa naturaleza. El conocimiento ictiologico ha ido evolucionando con el modo de relacionarse del ser humano con el mundo natural. El estudio de las actividades relacionadas con los peces marinos como recurso alimentario y economico constituye la principal fuente de conocimiento a lo largo de la historia. A partir del siglo XVIII, la invencion de la nomenclatura binomial da un nuevo impulso al interes cientifico, que trae consigo una aceleracion del conocimiento ictiologico. Desde finales del siglo XX los progresos tecnologicos, tanto exploratorios como analiticos (taxonomia molecular), han permitido un mayor conocimiento de la ictiofauna de zonas profundas y la aplicacion de la taxonomia integrativa, con el descubrimiento de nuevas relaciones taxonomicas. Numerosos ictiologos nacionales y gallegos han contribuido a este conocimiento, con una importante aportacion de los investigadores extranjeros, sobre todo franceses. EnglishThis paper analyses the historical knowledge of marine ichthyology in Galicia through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates information from diverse sources of documented information. The history of ichthyology has evolved with the way humans relate to the natural world. The study of activities related to marine fish as an important source of food has been the main source of knowledge throughout history. From the 18th century onwards, with the invention of the binomial nomenclature, scientific interest and an acceleration of ichthyological knowledge arose. Since the end of the 20th century, technological progress, both exploratory and analytical (molecular taxonomy), has led to a greater knowledge of the deep ichthyofauna and the application of integrative taxonomy, with the discovery of new taxonomic relationships. Numerous national and Galician ichthyologists have contributed to this knowledge, with an important contribution from foreign researchers, especially from France.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a plant which is widely spread throughout the world. It is one of the oldest sources of textile fibres, but it has also stood out for its medicinal and food uses. The domestication process carried out by humans, focused on obtaining different products, has brought with it a biological evolution from the anatomical, morphological, physiological and chemical points of view. Furthermore, hybridization has also largely conditioned the evolutionary process of hemp. This has made the taxonomic classification of hemp extremely difficult, which has been highly controversial. During the Early Modern Period, some authors considered that there were different species, while others affirmed that all the specimens corresponded to a single species. The chemical characterization of cannabinoids, the most characteristic compounds of the secondary metabolism of hemp, took place in the 20th century. Because of this, the content of some of these compounds was included as a classification criterion. However, the discrepancies between the authors on whether the Cannabis genus was monotypic or polytypic were not resolved. In the 21st century, the taxonomic classification of hemp continues under study because of the absence of consensus.
espanolDado el imparable crecimiento de la poblacion en las ciudades de todo el mundo, se esta prestando cada vez mas atencion a los lagos de entornos urbanos y periurbanos. En este articulo se describe mensualmente la fisico-quimica del Lago de la Casa de Campo durante un ciclo anual tras su inundacion en 2019, comparandola con datos antiguos y con otros lagos de la misma indole existentes en otras zonas del Globo. Paralelamente, se han analizado tambien las aguas del arroyo Meaques, la principal via de aporte hidrico al Lago. Este es polimictico, de baja salinidad, eutrofico y su dinamica nutritiva muestra pautas claramente estacionales para el nitrogeno y menos patentes para el carbono organico o el fosforo. La clorofila fitoplanctonica, sin embargo, no siguio dichas pautas porque la recolonizacion de las algas ocurrio lentamente durante los primeros meses, sin dar tiempo a que tuviera lugar el maximo estival de ese ano. La limitacion del crecimiento vegetal en este ecosistema se debe fundamentalmente al fosforo. Las concentraciones de carbono organico, nitrogeno y fosforo son similares a las de otros lagos urbanos del mundo. Aparte del enriquecimiento nutritivo, derivado fundamentalmente de la escorrentia en su cuenca hidrografica y en el entorno de su cubeta y de aportes de aguas residuales no ubicados, el Lago carece de contaminacion por metales pesados o productos de sintesis organica. Para mejorar la calidad ambiental del mismo seria conveniente identificar y eliminar las fuentes puntuales de contaminacion. EnglishArising from the unstoppable growth of cities worldwide, more concern on environmental quality has recently been devoted to urban and periurban lakes. Monthly physico-chemical variables of the Casa de Campo Lake, an artificial basin in Western Madrid city, are reported here for an annual cycle following its reflooding in 2019 and comparing them with those of other similar environments. Nutrient features of the main watercourse draining to the Lake have also been studied. The Lake is a polymictic, low-salinity and eutrophic site and its nutrient dynamics shows a seasonal pattern for nitrogen, but subtle seasonality for organic carbon and phosphorus. Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a, however, does not follow the same patterns because algal recolonization has taken place slowly in the first months, not enabling the summer peak to occur. The Lake is mostly phosphorus-limited. Organic phosphorus, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are roughly similar to those of other urban lakes. Nutrient enrichment aside, arising from both the unlocalized setting of wastewater point sources and the catchment and surrounding runoff, the Lake does not experience pollution by heavy metals and organics. The Lake environmental quality could be improved if those point sources were identified and abated.
espanolEl galapago leproso (Mauremys leprosa Schweigger, 1812) es un elemento ibero-magrebi, salvo por escasas poblaciones en Francia, e introducciones en Italia y las Islas Baleares. Muestra un importante declive poblacional en muchas zonas, si bien ha mostrado incremento poblacional en el noreste espanol, y se considera relativamente abundante en el norte de Africa. Aunque el conocimiento sobre su distribucion y seleccion del habitat ha ido aumentado, especialmente en los ultimos anos, se aprecian lagunas en la distribucion y aspectos discutibles sobre su relacion con el medio. El objetivo de este trabajo es la actualizacion bibliografica del conocimiento del uso del espacio del galapago leproso a nivel general, regional y local, contribuyendo a las bases de futuras investigaciones y recomendaciones de gestion. De acuerdo con el conocimiento disponible, la especie muestra preferencia por cuerpos de agua profundos con elevada cobertura vegetal, lecho rocoso, alta radiacion solar y orillas inclinadas. Ha estado sometida a una gran presion por alteracion del habitat. En Portugal, se concentra en la mitad meridional, mientras que, en Espana tiende a estar ausente o relicta en algunas areas centrales y noroccidentales. En Francia las poblaciones son muy escasas y aisladas. En Africa, esta citada en el Magreb. Cuenta con proteccion legal en Europa y esta incluida como Vulnerable en el Libro Rojo de los Reptiles Europeos. En Africa esta relativamente protegida solamente en Argelia y Marruecos. La revision bibliografica pone de manifiesto un rapido incremento de la informacion disponible en los ultimos anos, aun con importantes lagunas, y la necesidad de estudios y medidas de conservacion contra el declive poblacional y para la proteccion efectiva del galapago leproso y su habitat. EnglishThe Spanish pond turtle (Mauremys leprosa Schweigger, 1812) is an ibero-magrebian species; some scarce populations are found in south France, and small introduced populations in Italy and Balearic Islands. In general terms, the species shows important population decline in many areas, albeit an increment has been reported in northeastern Spain, and is relatively abundant in northern Africa. Although the knowledge on its geographical distribution has increased, especially during the last years, we can still find knowledge gaps and controversial aspects on its relationships with the environment. The aim of this work was to update the knowledge of the space use by the Spanish pond turtle at general, regional and local level, and contribute to the bases of future research and management recommendations. According to the available knowledge, the species shows preference for deep-water bodies, with high vegetation covers, rocky beds, high solar radiation and sloping banks. It has suffered high stress by habitat alterations. In Portugal, the species is more abundant in the southern half of the country. In Spain, it tends to be absent or relict in some central and northwestern zones. The French populations are small and isolated. In Africa, it is cited in the Maghreb. The species is protected in Europe, and included as Vulnerable in the Red List of European Reptiles. In Africa, it is relatively protected only in Algeria and Morocco. The revision shows a fast-growing knowledge in the last years, though with important gaps, and the need of new studies and conservation measures, to prevent the population decline and provide effective protection for the Spanish pond turtle and its habitat.
espanolA principios de octubre de 2018, un grupo de geologos de exploracion petrolera realizo una expedicion geologica por el Himalaya, en la denominada region de Garhwall, en el estado indio de Uttarakhand. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir e integrar una seccion transversal geologica regional, desde la llanura del Ganges hasta las montanas del Alto Himalaya del Parque Nacional del Nanda Devi en la frontera con el Tibet, hoy parte de China. Cerca de la ciudad de Dehradun se realizo la observacion del denominado Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) o Cabalgamiento principal limitrofe, un importante contacto entre esquistos neoproterozoicos y los conglomerados eocenos de la unidad Siwalik, los depositos de tipo molasa que registran la flexura de la placa de India. Siguiendo el viaje hacia el norte se atraviesa el denominado Bajo Himalaya constituido por imbricados de calizas, cuarcitas y metabasitas neoproterozoicas del Grupo Krol, todos expuestos a lo largo del valle del rio Ganges, en este sector se atraviesa el cabalgamiento de Tons. Mas al norte, en el area de Helang, al sur de Josimath, donde se encuentra una gran zona de cizalla cortical conocida como el Main Central Thrust (MCT) o Cabalgamiento Principal Central. En este sector se describira en este trabajo la estructura asociada a esta amplia zona de cizallamiento compresional de escala kilometrica. De hecho, dos importantes cabalgamientos definen esta zona de deformacion, el cabalgamiento de Munsiari y el de Vaikrita, que ponen las rocas de la corteza media en contacto con las unidades de la corteza superior. La zona esta definida por estructuras de tipo C-S, milonitas y pliegues isoclinales con esquistosidad de plano axial. Avanzando hacia el norte se encuentran algunas estructuras extensionales que afectan a estas unidades. Mas al norte, cerca de la pequena aldea de Malari, cerca de la frontera con el Tibet, se encuentra un importante despegue extensional, el llamado South Tibetan Detachment (STD) o despegue meridional del Tibet, que pone en contacto los denominados Cristalinos del Alto Himalaya de rocas metamorficas de alto grado tipo migmatitas intruidas por leucogranitos ricos en turmalina de unidades neoproterozoicas y paleozoicas de bajo grado o no metamorficas de las secuencias del Tetis Himalaya. Integrando observaciones de campo propios con trabajos anteriores, se concluye que el empuje y emplazamiento a lo largo del MCT es en parte coetaneo con la extension a traves del STD, lo que sugiere un colapso extensional sinorogenico de las rocas corticales de la corteza media mas ductiles durante el Mioceno Inferior, posteriormente actividad contraccional en el MCT continua despues del cese de deformacion ductil en el STD (Mioceno Medio) y el colapso extensional se concentra en fallas normales fragiles a partir e entonces. EnglishIn early October 2018, a group of oil exploration geologists carried out a geological expedition through the Himalayas, in the Garhwall region, near the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The objective of this paper is to describe a regional geological cross section, from the Gangetic plain to the High Himalayan mountains of the Nanda Devi National Park in the border with Tibet, today part of China. Close to the city of Dehradun the Main Boundary Thrust is croping out, it represents a major contact between Neo-Proterozoic schists and Eocene gravels of the Siwalik unit, the molasse type deposits that record the flexure of the Indian Plate. Further north is located the Lesser Himalaya, made up by imbricates of Neoproterozoic limestones, quartzites and metabasites of the Krol Group, all exposed along the Ganges river Valley, where the Tons Thrust can be observed. Further north, in the Helang area, the Main Central Thrust acts as a major crustal detachment. In this paper the structure associated to this wide kilometric scale contractional shear zone is described. In fact, two major thrusts define these deformation zones the lower Munsiari Thrust and the upper Vaikrita Thrust that bring mid crustal rocks in contact with upper crustal units of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. The high strain area is defined by C-S fabrics, mylonites and penetrative isoclinal folding. Moving north some extensional structures, extensional shear zones and normal faults are observed. Further north, near the small village of Malari, close to the Tibetan border a major extensional detachment knows as the South Tibetan Detachment (STD), puts into contact high grade metamorphic rocks mostly migmatites intruded by tourmaline-rich leucogranites of the Higher Himalayan crystallines with low grade to non-metamorphic Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic units of the Tethys Himalayan sequences. Integration of new collected field data with previous works may suggest that during Early Miocene time thrusting along the MCT is coeval with extension through the STD, afterwards the contractional activity continues in the MCT while ductile extensional shear in the STD ceases at Middle Miocene time, syn-orogenic extensional collapse is from that time onwards assume by fragile normal faults.
espanolDescribimos y cuantificamos las principales aportaciones del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia (IEO) en el primer siglo de historia de esa fructifera Comision, con su sede en Monaco, durante el cual el numero de estados miembros ha ido aumentado desde 7 hasta los actuales 24. Profundizamos en los antecedentes nacionales que llevaron a la confluencia de las variadas iniciativas pesqueras, oceanograficas y meteorologicas. En los 100 anos de vida de esa Comision la representacion de Espana recae en el IEO. En Madrid se celebraron la reunion fundacional (1919) y la del 50 aniversario (1969). Esa ciudad y otras tres fueron acogiendo mas congresos en nuestro pais: Madrid (1924), Malaga (1929), Palma de Mallorca (1986) y Barcelona (2004). Los primeros cinco comites creados en la CIESM fueron para oceanografia, meteorologia, biologia general y biologia aplicada (pesquerias); que contaron con la participacion de los pioneros expertos espanoles: Odon de Buen y sus hijos Fernando y Rafael, Jaime Ferrer, Antonio Ipiens y Jose Giral. En los 26 congresos del periodo 1960-2019 los 196 autores del IEO incluyeron a 81 mujeres (el 41,3 % del total). En conjunto, presentaron 274 comunicaciones cientificas sobre muy diferentes especialidades, la mayoria concentradas en distintos comites de los diez ultimos congresos (1992-2019 EnglishWe describe and quantify the main Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) inputs to the CIESM throughout its first century, during which the member countries have increased from 7 founders (year 1919) to 24 currently. We delve into national background that led to the confluence of various fishing, oceanographic and meteorological initiatives. Along the century of CIESM life, the IEO was always the Spanish representative. Both, the foundation and the 50th anniversary Congress took place in Madrid in 1919 and 1969 respectively. Also, several Congresses were carried out in Spain, such as in Madrid (1924), Malaga (1929), Palma de Mallorca (1986) and Barcelona (2004). The first created CIESM committees were on oceanography (physics and chemistry), meteorology and general and applied biology (fisheries), and were attended by IEO experts: Odon de Buen and his sons Fernando and Rafael, Jaime Ferrer, Antonio Ipiens and Jose Giral. Overall, 196 authors including 81 women (41.3 %) attended the 26 Congresses and 274 scientific communications were presented in the period 1960-2019, most of them to different committees in the last ten Congresses (1992-2019).
espanolLa almastiga y la mirra son dos productos de origen vegetal, dos resinas que se han utilizado a lo largo de la historia, solas o junto con otros ingredientes, con diferentes fines como la conservacion y momificacion de cadaveres, enmascarar el mal olor corporal o los relacionados con la higiene y la salud corporal. En este trabajo nos hemos centrado principalmente en su uso, desde la antiguedad, en relacion con la higiene y salud bucodental. Se describe su uso con fines sanitarios en las Tablillas de arcilla de Mesopotamia (2000 a.C.) y en el Papiro de Ebers (s. XVI a.C.); en este ultimo se describe el uso del kyphi como masticatorio para perfumar y desinfectar la boca. En el mundo Islamico Abu ´l Qasim Khalaf ibn ´Abbas al-Zahrawi, conocido como Abulcasis (s.X) diseno instrumentos para retirar la placa dental como el mijrad y un forceps para sacar los dientes, asi como una tecnica para entrelazar y sujetarlos y Avenzoar (s.XI) escribio sobre tratamientos para limpiar los dientes, entre las que estaba la almastiga. EnglishMastic and myrrh are trees’ origin’ products. Myrrh tree’ scientific name is comyphora mirra and mastic tree’ scientific name is Pistacia lentiscus. Both, mastic and myrrh have been profusely used alone or with other ingredients. Ancient Mediterranean cultures like Egyptian, Ancient Greece, Roman Empire or Mesopotamia have been dealing with those products, in that way Phoenicians were the most famous in the commerce through the Mediterranean’ sea. Furthermore, Egyptian were famous for their mummification rites, to preserve dead bodies’ decomposition, myrrh is one of the most important ingredients used in the mummification process. In the other hand, mastic and myrrh have been known as being part of different medical treatment. In this respect the Mesopotamian Clay Tablet (2000 years B.C.), mention the use of those compounds in medicine and The Ebers Papyrus (XVI B.C. century) describe the Kyphi utility of mastic and myrrh as a chewing gum or as a gargling, in order to clean, disinfect and give off an odor in the mouth. Different literature´s authors have related the use of mastic and myrrh in different ways. The first one as an aromatic spice in order to control body or mouth stink. Hipocrates (V B.C. century) in his humor theory (Corpus Hipocraticum) recommended gargling and chewing made with mastic, myrrh and other ingredients to throw out mouth’ stink. The second one is cited on The Bible by his use in traditional religious rites like the Jewish body preservation rites, the Catholic sacrament of the lasts rites given before dying, or the narcotic effect of wine mixed with myrrh that offered to Jesus during the Crucifixion. Along these lines, Dioscorides (IICentury) wrote that by adding to the wine a small amount of myrrh could be a remedy for dry coughs and indigestion. We focused this paper in their utility to provide health in mouth and teeth’ diseases. Therefore, since ancient times, authors like Gaius Plinius Secundus recommended a poultice made with myrrh mixed with ash to clean teeth. Abulcasis (s.X) and Avenzoar (s.XI) (Ancient Islamic Culture) wrote about different tools and treatment to preserve teeth from illness as mijrad, with different ingredients, one of them was mastic, to polish teeth. Four hundred years after, Laguna (1555) worked in translation of Dioscorides’ book (s.I) and wrote some additional comments in which he wrote about the use of mastic to control fetid breath. In the Spanish literature, there are some authors that make reference to the use of mastic and myrrh. Two of them are Celestina, the protagonist in La Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea, first published in 1499 (Rojas 1990) and Aldonza Lorenzo the protagonist in La Lozana Andaluza, first published in 1528 (Delicado, 2004). Both of them are sorceress-mender that made potions with mastic and myrrh used in different treatments related with mouth and tooth illness. They recommend oils and different kind of waters like rainwater or bitter mastic water to rinse the mouth after meals in addition, it recommends the use of toothpick, made with different kind of wood like fennel, juniper, walnut, weed o mastic among others.
espanolSe incorpora nueva informacion sobre la diversidad de las especies del orden de los Tisanopteros (Insecta: Thysanoptera) presente en la fauna espanola; tanto en su vertiente continental como insular. En la Espana continental se citan veinte nuevas especies, Chirothrips africanus Priesner; Anaphothrips euphorbiae Uzel; Oxythrips priesneri Pelikan; Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford); Mycterothrips annulicornis (Uzel); Tenothrips reichardti (Priesner); Thrips crassicornis Bagnall; Thrips difficilis Priesner; Thrips dubius Priesner; Thrips euphorbiicola Bagnall; Thrips georgicus Pelikan; Thrips italicus (Bagnall); Thrips origani Priesner; Thrips pelikani Schliephake; Thrips roepkei Doeksen y Thrips tarfayensis zur Strassen dentro del suborden Terebrantia; mientras que en el suborden Tubulifera se mencionan las especies Haplothrips amygdali Priesner; Haplothrips simplex (Buffa); Haplothrips (Trybomiella) mateolanus De Marzo & Ravazzi y Liothrips pragensis Uzel. En las Islas Canarias se ha encontrado un nuevo genero Androthrips Karny y dos especies: An. ramachandrai Karny y Amphibolothrips marginatus (Bournier). Ademas la especie Apterygothrips neolongiceps Johansen & Mojica es nueva en la isla de La Palma; Bebelothrips latus Buffa es nueva en la isla de La Gomera y Tenerife; Palmiotrips palmae (Ramakrishna) y Haplothrips sventenii zur Strassen son nuevas para la isla de Gran Canaria.Neohydatothrips signifer (Priesner) se cita por vez primera en la region Paleartica. EnglishNew information is incorporated on the diversity of the species of the order Thysanoptera (Insecta) present in the Spanish fauna; both on its continental and insular slopes. Twenty new species are cited in continental Spain, Chirothrips africanus Priesner; Anaphothrips euphorbiae Uzel; Oxythrips priesneri Pelikan; Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford); Mycterothrips annulicornis (Uzel); Tenothrips reichardti (Priesner); Thrips crassicornis Bagnall; Thrips difficilis Priesner; Thrips dubius Priesner; Thrips euphorbiicola Bagnall; Thrips georgicus Pelikan; Thrips italicus (Bagnall); Thrips origani Priesner; Thrips pelikani Schliephake; Thrips roepkei Doeksen y Thrips tarfayensis zur Strassen within the suborder Terebrantia; while in the suborder Tubulifera the species Haplothrips amygdali Priesner; Haplothrips simplex (Buffa); Haplothrips (Trybomiella) mateolanus De Marzo & Ravazzi y Liothrips pragensis Uzel are mentioned. In the Canary Islands a new genus Androthrips Karny and two species have been found, An. ramachandrai Karny and Amphibolothrips marginatus (Bournier). In addition, the species Apterygothrips neolongiceps Johansen & Mojica is new on the island of La Palma; Bebelothrips latus Buffa is new on the island of La Gomera and Tenerife; Palmiothrips palmae (Ramakrishna) and Haplothrips sventenii zur Strassen are new to the island of Gran Canaria. Neohydatothrips signifer (Priesner) is cited for the first time in the Palearctic region.
espanolSe describe Aphis ortegoi sp. n. (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Aphidina) a partir de hembras viviparas apteras y aladas recogidas sobre Glycyrrhiza astragalina (Fabaceae) en localidades de las provincias de Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquen y San Juan (Argentina). Se exponen los caracteres que diferencian la nueva especie de las especies de Aphis conocidas en America del Sur y cuyas hembras viviparas apteras presentan sensorios secundarios en el artejo antenal III, o que han sido citadas en el Mundo sobre especies de Glycyrrhiza. EnglishAphis ortegoi sp. n. (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Aphidina) is described from apterous and alate viviparous females collected on Glycyrrhiza astragalina (Fabaceae) in localities of Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquen and San Juan provinces (Argentina). The features that differentiate the new species from the species of Aphis that are known in South America and whose apterous viviparous females present secondary sensoria on antennal segment III, or that have been cited in the World on species of Glycyrrhiza, are exposed.
espanolO recurso a toponimos locais e de uso frequente na descricao cientifica de novas especies. Numa perspetiva historica da taxonomia paleontologica, estes enriquecem substancialmente a nomenclatura existente e permitem contextualizacoes geograficas mais efetivas. Desde meados do seculo XIX, os Acores, Madeira e Cabo Verde foram visitados por muitos naturalistas, os quais descreveram floras e faunas atuais e fosseis, usando frequentemente a toponimia local. Dai resultou, sobretudo, a descricao de mais de 60 novos taxones de invertebrados fosseis (ou “subfosseis”) do Cretacico Inferior ao Holocenico, para alem de quatro vegetais, um cocolitoforideo e um icnofossil, a partir de toponimos das ilhas atlânticas da Macaronesia da CPLP (Comunidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa). Os mais utilizados foram Porto Santo (Madeira) (9), Madeira (6), Acores (6), Santa Maria (Acores) (5) e Cabo Verde (6), mas outros existem ligados a designacoes locais, como povoacoes e geoformas. Dado que muitos outros toponimos tambem tem servido para especies atuais dos mesmos arquipelagos, incluindo Sao Tome e Principe, e que as associacoes paleontologicas dos depositos destas ilhas ainda carecem, em grande medida, de estudos aprofundados, e natural que parte destes taxones ainda venham a ser encontrados em novas jazidas, enriquecendo a presente lista. E interessante notar, tambem, que alguns dos nomes adotados nao cumprem as regras do ICNZ (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - Codigo Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoologica), necessitando de futura revisao. EnglishThe use of local toponyms is common practice in the scientific description of new species. In a historical perspective of palaeontological taxonomy, this use of toponyms substantially enriches the existing nomenclature and allows for a more effective geographical contextualization. Since the mid-XIX century, many naturalists have visited the Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde islands in order to describe their recent and fossil floras and faunas, often using the local toponymy. This resulted, most importantly, in the description of more than sixty new taxa of Lower Cretaceous to Holocene invertebrate fossils (or “subfossils”), in addition to four plants, one cocolithophorid and one ichnofossil, using toponyms from the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries) Atlantic islands of Macaronesia. The most used were Porto Santo (Madeira) (9), Madeira (6), Azores (6), Santa Maria (Azores) (5) and Cape Verde (6), but others exist linked to local designations, such as settlements and geoforms. Given that many other toponyms have also been used for recent species from the same archipelagos, including Sao Tome and Principe, and that many palaeontological associations preserved in deposits from these islands require more in-depth studies, it is foreseeable that part of these taxa may still be found in new sites, enriching the present list. It is also interesting to note that some of the adopted names do not fully comply with the rules of the ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), meaning that a future review is essential.
espanolEste articulo da por primera vez noticia de las plantas vasculares y de las sales solubles y otros componentes mayoritarios del suelo de la Salada Farrachuela, un humedal hipersalino situado en el municipio de Tamarite de Litera, provincia de Huesca, en el NE de Espana. El humedal se localiza en el afloramiento del nucleo evaporitico del anticlinal de Barbastro, un area declarada de interes comunitario incluida en la Red Natura 2000. Este humedal, inculto e inundado ocasionalmente, alberga plantas adaptadas a un suelo cuya capa superior (0-25 cm) tiene por termino medio un 41% de yeso (CaSO4•2H2O), 7.2 dS m?1 a 25 oC de conductividad electrica en el extracto acuoso 1:5 en peso de suelo:agua (EC1:5). Para ese espesor de suelo, la conductividad electrica en extracto de saturacion (ECe) a 25 oC es 37.0 dS m?1, siendo el sulfato el ion mas abundante (503 meq L?1) seguido del magnesio (492 meq L?1), sodio (113 meq L?1), y cloruro (41 meq L?1). La salinidad, las condiciones de humedad y la vegetacion halofila contrastan fuertemente con las tierras circundantes, yesosas y no salinas. Este articulo puede ser un punto de partida para futuras investigaciones de la ecologia del humedal en relacion con la salinidad, y una referencia en el futuro seguimiento necesario para garantizar su conservacion. EnglishThis paper gives, for the first time, details of the vascular plants plus the soluble salts and other major components of their natural substrate in Salada Farrachuela, a hypersaline wetland located in the municipality of Tamarite, NE Spain. The wetland is situated on the outcropping evaporite-cored Barbastro Anticline, an area declared by the environmental authorities to be of community interest and part of the Natura 2000 network. This uncultivated and occasionally flooded wetland harbors plants able to withstand the conditions of their substrate whose upper layer (0–25 cm) has an average of 41% gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O), and 7.2 dS m?1 at 25 oC electrical conductivity in 1:5 soil-to-water weight ratio (EC1:5) extracts. The EC1:5 value in the soil samples up to a depth of 2 m ranges from 6.23 to 7.95 dS m?1. At this depth, the average EC in the saturation extracts (ECe) is 37.0 dS m?1, with sulfate being the most abundant ion (503 meq L?1), followed by magnesium (492 meq L?1), sodium (113 meq L?1), and chloride (41 meq L?1). Salinity, hydric conditions, and halophilous vegetation contrast distinctly with the surrounding nonsaline gypseous land and its gypsophilous vegetation. This article provides a baseline for future investigations of the ecology of this wetland in relation to salinity, and a reference for the monitoring needed to guarantee its conservation
espanolEn este trabajo se relata el viaje de los autores a Islandia y Groenlandia, en agosto de 2019, y se exponen las impresiones causadas en dos semanas de visitas por la costa meridional de Groenlandia. El viaje se realizo a bordo de un barco de la compania noruega Hurtigruten denominado Roald Amundsen, que zarpo del puerto de Reikiavik y, tras cruzar el Estrecho de Dinamarca, llego a la bahia de Umivik, en la costa sudoriental de Groenlandia. A lo largo de los siguientes doce dias, el barco recorrio los fiordos y bahias del sur de esta inmensa isla de soberania danesa, como el Skjoldungen o el Prins Christian Sound , o asentamientos humanos como Aappilattoq, Qaqortoq, Qassiarsuk, Igaliku, Ivittuut, la capital del territorio Nuuk, Kapisillit y Maniitsoq, para terminar navegando por uno de los mas largos fiordos groenlandeses, el Kangerlussuaq Fjord o Sondre Stromfjord, al fondo del cual esta el aeropuerto internacional de Kangerlussuaq, donde los autores tomaron el avion de regreso a Dinamarca. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, Groenlandia es un territorio vulnerable, el cambio climatico se aprecia en esta frontera con mas nitidez que en otros lugares del planeta: glaciares en retroceso, cambios en el relieve, aumento de la temperatura, etc. Asimismo, los autores exponen las sensaciones que, como naturalistas, les causaron los paisajes, la flora, la fauna y otras experiencias tan singulares. EnglishThis paper describes a journey to Iceland and Greenland in August 2019, and exposes the impressions made in two weeks of visits along the Southern coast of Greenland. The trip was carried out on board a ship of the Norwegian company Hurtigruten named Roald Amundsen, which set sail from the port of Reykjavik and, after crossing the Strait of Denmark, arrived at Umivik Bay, on the south-eastern coast of Greenland. Over the next twelve days, the ship toured the southern fjords and bays of this immense island of Danish sovereignty, such as the Skjoldungen or the Prins Christian Sound, or human settlements such as Aappilattoq, Qaqortoq, Qassiarsuk, Igaliku, Ivittuut, Nuuk, the capital and main city of the territory, Kapisillit and Maniitsoq, to finish sailing through one of the longest Greenlandic fjords, the Kangerlussuaq Fjord or Sondre Stromfjord, at the bottom of which is located the international airport of Kangerlussuaq, where the authors took the plane back to Denmark. From an environmental point of view, Greenland is a vulnerable territory, climate change is seen on this border more clearly than in other places on the planet: retreating glaciers, changes in the relief, increasing temperatures, etc. Likewise, the authors present the sensations that, as naturalists, landscapes, flora, fauna and other such unique experiences caused them.
espanolLa familia Cardilidae agrupa un pequeno numero de especies de bivalvos de la superfamilia Mactroidea, que apenas se han encontrado de forma muy rara y tienen un rango estratigrafico conocido desde el Eoceno medio hasta nuestros dias. De estos se destaca Cardilia michelottii Deshayes, 1844, como una especie extinta valida que antes solo se conocia en la Peninsula Italiana, donde se registro desde el Mioceno de Emilia-Romana, el Plioceno de Toscana y Piamonte y el Pleistoceno de Lazio. Se reporta el primer hallazgo de esta especie fuera de los rangos de Italia, a partir de una valva izquierda bien conservada que ha sido recolectada en la asociacion de moluscos fosiles del Piacenziese inferior del yacimiento de Vale de Freixo (Pombal, Oeste de Portugal), en el Plioceno de la Cuenca del Mondego. Esto hallazgo permite extender el rango biogeografico conocido de esta especie termofilica hasta la Peninsula Iberica, asi como reducir el espacio sin citas entre las ocurrencias oeste-africanas y mediterraneas de este genero morfologicamente muy distintivo y que integra asociaciones de bivalvos de aguas calidas y poco profundas. EnglishThe family Cardilidae groups a small number of bivalve species from the superfamily Mactroidea, which have been scarcely found and have a known stratigraphic range from the middle Eocene to the present day. From these stand out Cardilia michelottii Deshayes, 1844, as an extinct valid species only previously knew from the Italian Peninsula, where it has been recorded from the Miocene of Emilia-Romagna, the Pliocene of Tuscany and Piedmont, and the Pleistocene of Lazio. The first finding of this species outside the Italian ranges is here reported from a single, but well-preserved left valve collected from the lower Piacenzian molluscan assemblage of Vale de Freixo fossil site (Pombal, West Portugal), in the Pliocene Mondego Basin. This allows to extend the known biogeographic range of this thermophilic species to the Iberian Peninsula, and also to reduce the geographical gap between the Neogene to present-day West African and Mediterranean occurrences of this morphologically very distinctive genus of warm shallow-water bivalve assemblages.
espanolNeoerysiphe cumminsiana (U. Braun) causante de mildiu polvoriento en distintas Asteraceas fue observado en plantas de Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) obtenidas por cultivo in vitro, que se encontraban creciendo en condiciones de invernadero en el estado Merida-Venezuela. El hongo en este hospedador crece ectofiticamente y aparece como un crecimiento blanco y polvoriento que lleva a la necrosis del tejido. Se realizaron pruebas de infeccion y patogenicidad que resultaron positivas y se confirmo su identidad por medio del analisis morfologico y de la comparacion de secuencias del locus nuclear de ARNr conocido como ITS4. EnglishNeoerysiphe cumminsiana (U. Braun), the etiological agent of powdery mildew in diverse asteraceae plants, was recovered from symptomatic Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) plantlets grown under greenhouse conditions in Merida, Venezuela. The etiology of the disease was confirmed by pathogenicity tests, and the identity of the fungus was performed using both morphologically and by sequencing and analysing the nuclear rRNA locus ITS4.
