Graphical abstracts are increasingly used to enhance scientific communication, yet their quality remains variable. Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools can produce graphical abstracts, but their scientific reliability has not been systematically evaluated. To assess the scientific quality of AI-generated graphical abstracts in respiratory medicine. This multicentre study included a pilot phase (5 abstracts; 15 graphical abstracts) and a main phase (20 abstracts; 60 graphical abstracts). For each text abstract, three graphical abstracts were generated via ChatGPT (version 5.2), Claude Sonnet (version 4.5), and Gemini (version 3), using a standardised prompt. Six experts evaluated each graphical abstract using a 7-item scoring grid (total score/28). Inter-rater reliability and comparisons between models were assessed.The median total score was 21 [16-25]. Single-measure intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated moderate agreement for the total score (ICC = 0.606), while average-measure ICC showed excellent reliability (ICC = 0.902). Significant differences were observed between models (p < 0.001), with a consistent ranking of Claude > ChatGPT > Gemini. Differences were observed across all evaluation criteria, with large effect sizes (Kendall's W up to 0.93). AI-generated graphical abstracts demonstrate moderate-to-high quality but remain heterogeneous across models. While promising as assistive tools, their use requires expert validation to ensure scientific accuracy and interpretative safety.
This study investigated the potential role of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) in creating and enhancing anatomical illustrations. Human made digital illustrations, Gen AI images created from text prompts, and Gen AI edited versions of the human made illustrations, were shared with staff and students at the University of Dundee with backgrounds in either medicine, dentistry, or anatomy. Participants were asked to view the illustrations and provide feedback regarding aesthetic preferences and accuracy, via an online survey. Twenty-five participants took part. Results were varied but demonstrated a small majority of participants preferred one of the Gen AI edited illustrations both overall and in terms of aesthetics and accuracy. In addition to the feedback survey, two anatomy lecturers were asked to rank each illustration out of five in terms of aesthetics, accuracy, and overall. The same Gen AI edited illustration came either joint first or second in all sections. However, in contrast to the survey, the human-made illustration was consistently ranked first or joint first. The difference in scores between the survey and anatomy lecturers suggests that the ability of the later to identify anatomical (in)accuracy influenced their decisions more strongly than stylistic preferences.
Incidental findings during ophthalmic imaging may reveal clinically significant disease in asymptomatic individuals. Papilloedema, characterised by optic disc swelling secondary to raised intracranial pressure, is a neuro-ophthalmic emergency that can result in permanent visual loss if untreated, making early detection essential. This case report describes the unexpected identification of bilateral optic disc swelling in a clinical/ophthalmic photographer who volunteered as a model patient during optical coherence tomography (OCT) training. Despite being asymptomatic, imaging raised suspicion of papilloedema and prompted urgent same-day assessment. Grade 1 papilloedema was confirmed, and further investigation with MRI and lumbar puncture demonstrated raised intracranial pressure consistent with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The patient was four months pregnant, requiring coordinated multidisciplinary care. Treatment with acetazolamide and close monitoring using serial OCT and fundus photography prevented progression and preserved vision. Imaging served not only as a diagnostic tool but also as an effective means of communicating disease status across specialties and to the patient. This case reflects the dual perspective of healthcare professional and patient, highlighting the value of routine ophthalmic imaging, rapid referral pathways, and the role of visual communication in modern medicine. Incidental imaging findings, even in low-risk settings, may be sight-saving and life-altering.
A hand drawn atlas of the embryonic chick cerebellum, created by a fourth-year post-secondary science student as part of her independent research project, served the dual goal of providing an accurate and accessible map of the anatomical structure of the chick cerebellum for learning embryonic neural development, while also highlighting the benefits of art and drawing as a means to aid understanding and appreciating complex, three-dimensional neuroanatomical structures. The cerebellum is a region of the brain that is convoluted and intricately folded and it can be challenging to connect two-dimensional coronal or sagittal planes of section to the wholemount structure. This can be further complicated by anatomical variation among different species. Microscopy can be prohibitive with respect to equipment, skills and slide quality and preservation and a lack of detailed atlases of the embryonic chick brain compounds the difficulty of learning the anatomy of the pre-hatch avian cerebellum. To our knowledge, using hand-drawn graphite sketches to explore and learn about an embryonic cerebellum is a novel approach. Our initial findings suggest that using art to understand the organisation and structure of the avian cerebellum has the potential to be an effective and beneficial approach for students learning neuroanatomy.
Waiting is an unavoidable aspect of paediatric healthcare and is frequently experienced as stressful. Although child-friendly visual environments are widely implemented, there is limited empirical evidence on whether passive Environmental Graphic Design (EGD) effectively supports children's engagement and emotional regulation during real waiting situations. This study examines how different environmental graphic communication strategies shape children's observable behavioural and affective responses in paediatric waiting areas. A comparative qualitative case-study approach was conducted in two Indonesian hospitals, comparing waiting environments dominated by passive EGD elements (Hospitals X and Y). Direct behavioural and affective observations were carried out with total of 43 children aged 2-9 years. Behavioural indicators included movement patterns, interaction with environmental elements, screen engagement, and social play, while affective indicators included visible expressions of calmness, enjoyment, restlessness, and distress. Findings show that passive EGD environments have minimal physical interaction; children remained caregiver-centered and frequently exhibited disengagement. In contrast, the interactive play-based environment supported sustained engagement, increased movement and peer interaction, and more positive affective responses. These results suggest that passive EGD contributes to the visual atmosphere of paediatric waiting areas, with limited impact on children's behavioural and affective responses, whereas interactive, play-based graphic environments are more effective.
There is incredible beauty in the microscopic organisation and structure of cells and tissues in the body. Historically, scientists seamlessly incorporated art into the reports of their findings through detailed sketches and drawings, but this mutualistic relationship is now considered unusual as science and art occupy distinct and different realms. Histology, the study of microscopic tissues, lends itself to the synthesis of art and science through colourful stains, textures, and shapes. In this paper, we revisit these past practices as we explore the benefits of blending art and science as a means of communicating microscopic anatomy, and provide examples of histological art in a variety of mediums including watercolour and graphite sketches in order to illustrate this synergistic relationship.
Drawing has long accompanied surgical training and practice. In craniofacial surgery - where three-dimensional deformities and long treatment pathways are common - drawing may support observation, operative planning, documentation, education, communication, and psychosocial care. This article reviews historical perspectives and contemporary literature, highlighting drawing - including emerging digital approaches - as a complementary, pragmatic, and patient-centred tool in modern craniofacial practice. It also considers emerging digital and AI-supported tools and proposes directions for future research on learning, communication, and patient experience.
This paper and accompanying video present stop-motion and digitally reversed dissection as contemporary methods of exhibiting cadaveric anatomy. Stop-motion techniques can give the impression of an 'invisible dissector', providing a unique and intriguing view of the body disassembling itself. Digitally reversed dissection then allows reversal of stop-motion footage, enabling the viewer to witness the body being reassembled, thus highlighting structural relationships from a new perspective. This alternate form of time-lapse video was established as an effective method of recording small and complex body regions without the dissector obstructing the field of view. Implementation of these techniques is showcased and described here with reference to dissection of a soft-fix cadaveric hand. Both technical and pedagogical strengths and limitations of these techniques are discussed and some advice on production of dissection videos has been offered.
The anatomical structure of the heart is complex, demanding detailed understanding for effective clinical interpretation and medical education. YouTube is frequently used as a learning tool for anatomy, but the quality and accuracy of its content are inconsistent. This study systematically evaluated 58 YouTube videos on heart anatomy using the Brave browser in incognito mode. Video characteristics (duration, resolution), engagement metrics (views, likes), and content quality were assessed using the Global Quality Scale (GQS), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Score, modified DISCERN, and an Anatomical Content Score. Statistical analyses were conducted using Jamovi 2.6.24.0. Results indicated that 44.8% of videos were created by anatomists, and 75.9% involved healthcare professionals. The most common format was animation (29.3%), while cadaver-based content was limited (12.1%). Videos presented by physicians achieved significantly higher GQS and modified DISCERN scores. Longer videos correlated with greater educational quality and user engagement. High-resolution videos showed higher view rates and Video Power Index, though resolution did not significantly affect quality scores. Overall, YouTube provides moderate-quality educational content on heart anatomy. Enhancing author transparency, referencing, and the use of cadaveric material may improve its value as a reliable educational resource.
Veterinary students at Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences must learn the structures of the porcine gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, access to porcine cadaver material is limited. We developed a digital tool: 'Digital Porcine GI Tract'. This study evaluates the tool's effectiveness in enhancing students' ability to identify structures on cadaver material. Students were split into 2 groups: Group A was given access to the tool and their use was tracked; Group B was not given access. After one week, both groups took a quiz on pig GI tract prosections. Students were asked whether they had viewed cadaver pig GI tracts in lab before the quiz and then divided into three Groups: (1) Students who used the digital tool, (2) Students who studied the pig GI tract prosections and (3) Students who did neither. As expected, students in Groups 1 and 2, mean score of 85% and 62% respectively, outperformed those in Group 3 on the quiz, mean score of 49%. More importantly, students in Group 1 performed better on the quiz than students in Group 2. Digital learning tools are viable for supplementing cadaver material in veterinary anatomy education, particularly when cadaver material is limited.
This study investigated preference of both professionals and laypersons for different levels of detail in anatomical 3D models. Staff and students working with anatomical material at the University of Dundee, along with lay members of the public, were asked to give their preference regarding six 3D digital anatomy models. Three models showed the external anatomy of the human heart, and three showed the internal anatomy, each at varying levels of detail: low detail, medium detail, and high detail. Thirty-six participants took part in the study. Results were compared by overall preference as well as specifically in terms of the model's clarity and aesthetics. Results showed the majority of participants preferred the 'high detail' model overall as well as in terms of aesthetics, however the results for the model's clarity were more varied.
Digital anatomy specimens are increasingly being produced using photogrammetric modelling, but student perceptions of their usability and fidelity are infrequently evaluated. This study used a high-resolution digital camera (hrDC) and smartphone camera to create photogrammetric models of a porcine heart and evaluated their usability (primary aim) and visual fidelity (secondary aim). Student evaluation (n = 52) of prototype models using a Likert-type questionnaire was undertaken. Results demonstrated that both smartphone and hrDC-based photogrammetry produced highly usable models (median usability statement agreement = 5/5 for both hrDC and smartphone models; p = 0.325). The appearance of the smartphone-based model was significantly inferior to those produced by the high-resolution camera on multiple domains including colour (median hrDC agreement = 5/5, median smartphone agreement = 4/5; p < 0.05), texture (median hrDC agreement = 5/5, median smartphone agreement = 3/5; p < 0.05), and clarity of internal structures (median hrDC agreement = 5/5, median smartphone agreement = 4/5; p < 0.05). Specific features on the smartphone-based model were less easily identified, including the pulmonary valve (p < 0.05) and papillary muscle (p < 0.05). These data indicate that a usable anatomical model can be created with smartphone images but is of a lower fidelity when compared to those produced by a high-resolution digital camera.
Readily available medical resources often do not include diverse skin colours of global populations. Within our research area of retinopathy of prematurity, we noticed the lack of skin colour diversity and toi Māori (Māori art) in information resources. This commentary describes a collaboration with a ringatoi Māori (Māori artist), resulting in the creation of toi Māori to be included in medical resources for pēpi receiving retinopathy of prematurity eye examinations in Aotearoa New Zealand. The use of toi Māori assists in communicating health information to patients and their whānau and including diverse skin colours contributes to improved diagnostic training of health professionals and subsequent timely diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions within diverse skin populations.
Scientific communications help individuals to be better informed on health issues. Robot-assisted surgery is currently a topic of growing concern within private health sector in Mexico and, eventually, it will also reach the public health system; however, the gap among the population in terms of health knowledge affects their ability in decision making when it comes to personal treatment. The objective of this project is to evaluate a scientific infographic about robotic surgery. The informative quality of the contents was tested, as well as the visual storytelling produced by Medical Illustration, and their ability to bring the subject closer to the people. This qualitative study situated in Puebla, Mexico, included participants who were selected using a non-probability sampling technique and divided into four groups. For the first three groups, open-ended interviews and observations were conducted. For the fourth group, data was collected using an online form. Findings suggest Information Design practices are effective strategies that strengthen infographic results, therefore helping to optimise the informative experience by using a variety of visual representations to enhance its storytelling. This is translated to augmenting infographic's explanatory and informative richness, triggering deeper interest and understanding in the subject of robot-assisted surgery.
In the 1990s, digital imaging began to supersede film-based imaging. W. J. Mitchell declared photography dead, or more precisely, radically and permanently displaced. Cameras have evolved from mechanical depicting devices into fully automated digital machines. Throughout the history of our profession, people have feared that new technology would threaten our livelihood. Yet, professional photography has consistently prevailed due to its unique artistic vision and technical expertise. It is not merely a job, but a craft that captures and preserves the essence of our world. That is why professional photography is not dead, but more relevant and necessary than ever. Marx foresaw a time when the issue would shift from reducing the necessary labour time to create surplus value to minimising the required labour of society. He optimistically claimed that 'The counterpart of this reduction is that all members of society can develop their education in the arts, sciences, etc., thanks to the free time available to all'. Are we really at a stage where photographers have become superfluous, spending their time in joy and merriment without any income? Is professional photography, as we know it, dead? I firmly believe it is not.
Conduct a scoping review to identify existing low back pain (LBP) patient decision aids (PtDAs) and assess their use of visual aids. LBP PtDAs were identified using the Ottawa Health Research Institute (OHRI) PtDA database and PubMed. Three interdisciplinary reviewers assessed understandability and actionability using the Patient Educational Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), with readability evaluated via the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level test. Six LBP PtDAs were found in the OHRI database and three in PubMed, for a total of nine. The mean PEMAT understandability score was 85%, while the mean PEMAT actionability was 68% (adequacy threshold for each section = 70%). Most used tables and scales (8/9), while fewer used pictographs (2/9), photographs (1/9), bar and pie charts (1/9), or illustrated diagrams (1/9). The mean reading level was Grade 5. Existing LBP PtDAs prioritise text over visuals and perform well on understandability and grade reading level, but less effectively on actionability. These findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary approaches to PtDA conceptualization, design, and evaluation to create tools that are relevant and impactful to patients and caregivers.
PURPOSE:The present study was designed to analyse the effect of newly adopted sketch-based animated teaching of veterinary anatomy on students regarding its perceived usefulness and impact on retention of the subject knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study population consisted of undergraduate veterinary students (BVSc and AH) in the physical classroom (n = 81), postgraduate students (n = 17), and veterinary students in the virtual classroom during COVID-19 (n = 80) who evaluated the PowerPoint presentations with sketches and animations via questionnaire. The data collected from the results of the questionnaires were analysed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The results suggested that this teaching should form part of the teaching of veterinary anatomy in combination with other teaching resources. This teaching aid is most valuable and effective in learning anatomy, especially in virtual teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a combination of this sketch-based animation teaching and face-to-face classroom teaching was suggested as the best method by students. It is further recommended to impact students' retention power on the topics taught positively. The findings suggest that sketch-based animation interactive teaching aid is the current age method of teaching veterinary anatomy. This teaching module can be thus adopted for teaching veterinary anatomy to students, making it a more simple, enjoyable, and interactive experience.
Mental health promotion is increasingly recognised as a global imperative, with visual communication-including posters displayed on websites-playing a crucial role in shaping public perception and fostering awareness about human well-being. This article reports a cross-cultural pattern recognition analysis involving two colour studies. Study 1 investigates the use of colours in mental health promotion posters displayed on Chinese and British university websites of Nanjing, Shenzhen, Edinburgh, and London. Computational methods, including K-means clustering and Euclidean distance metrics within the CIELAB colour space, were employed to analyse the 30 most prevalent colours used in the poster designs. The findings reveal that Chinese posters predominantly feature vibrant, warm colours, while British posters use a varied palette and favour cooler, muted tones. Study 2 explores similarities and differences in colour choices perceived as relevant for use in mental health posters by visual designers of the four cities. By offering a city-level comparison, the study uncovers nuanced distinctions in how regional contexts influence colour choices and shape visual trends with regard to mental health promotion. The results advocate for the integration of data-driven and human-centred insights into the understanding of colour choices to ensure that mental health promotion remains both visually engaging and perceptually relevant across diverse global audiences.
