PURPOSE:The present study was designed to analyse the effect of newly adopted sketch-based animated teaching of veterinary anatomy on students regarding its perceived usefulness and impact on retention of the subject knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study population consisted of undergraduate veterinary students (BVSc and AH) in the physical classroom (n = 81), postgraduate students (n = 17), and veterinary students in the virtual classroom during COVID-19 (n = 80) who evaluated the PowerPoint presentations with sketches and animations via questionnaire. The data collected from the results of the questionnaires were analysed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The results suggested that this teaching should form part of the teaching of veterinary anatomy in combination with other teaching resources. This teaching aid is most valuable and effective in learning anatomy, especially in virtual teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a combination of this sketch-based animation teaching and face-to-face classroom teaching was suggested as the best method by students. It is further recommended to impact students' retention power on the topics taught positively. The findings suggest that sketch-based animation interactive teaching aid is the current age method of teaching veterinary anatomy. This teaching module can be thus adopted for teaching veterinary anatomy to students, making it a more simple, enjoyable, and interactive experience.

This study aimed to study architecture of pancreatic islets by histological, ultrastructural, histochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations in male and female goats. The tissues were collected from different lobes of pancreas from local slaughterhouses and processed for paraffin sectioning. The sections were stained with different histomorphological, histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. For electron microscopy standard protocols were used. The study revealed no morphological differences in islets of male and female pancreas, however significantly larger (p < 0.05) islets were observed in male animals. Among the different lobes larger islets were observed in left lobe in both the sexes. Immunohistochemically, number of insulin positive cells were more in female than male and number of glucagon cells were more in male than female but the difference was non significant (p > 0.05). Low to moderate PCNA expression in both the sexes indicative of cellular proliferation within islets, while strong VEGF reactivity suggested its role in islet vascularization. This study has provided a baseline anatomical and immunohistochemical data for comparative endocrinology and disease models studies across species, especially in ruminants or domestic animals. Future study can help in early identification of sex-specific susceptibility to metabolic or endocrine disorders in goats (e.g., diabetes-like conditions).

Enzyme histochemistry on uterine tube of buffalo during summer and winter season was conducted in different phases of estrus cycle in relation to reproductive efficiency. Fresh tissues of buffalo uterine tubes were collected from infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus immediately after slaughtering. Cryostat sections were obtained and incubated to find variation in localization of various enzymes. AKPase showed strong to intense activity in winter and strong during summer season in the lamina epithelialis whereas negligible to weak reaction was found in lamina propria, propria submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa of uterine tube during both the seasons. Succinic dehydrogenase showed strong reaction in winter and moderate to strong during summer in the lamina epithelialis of uterine tube whereas reaction was moderate to strong in tunica muscularis, weak in the tunica serosa and negligible to weak in the lamina propria of uterine tube during both the seasons. G-6-P-D showed strong to intense reaction during winter and summer in the lamina epithelialis of uterine tube whereas reaction was negligible to weak in lamina propria, weak in propria submucosa, moderate to strong in the tunica muscularis and negligible to weak in the tunica serosa of uterine tube. NADH-diaphorase and NADPH- diaphorases showed intense reaction during both summer and winter in lamina epithelialis, moderate to strong reaction in tunica muscularis, weak to moderate reaction in lamina propria and propria submucosa, and weak reaction in tunica serosa of infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus during both the seasons. The activity of the enzymes was found to be more in winter and in luteal phase as compared to summer and follicular phase.

The present study was conducted on liver of eight pigs collected from local slaughter house, for gross anatomical, histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical and histoenzymic studies. The paraffin sections of 3 mu m were cut and stained with different histomorphochemical stains. The cryostat sections of fresh frozen tissues of 10 mu m thickness were cut at -20 & ring;C and incubated in different substrates to localize phosphatases and Non-specific esterases. The left lateral lobe was significantly larger and quadrate lobe was shortest. The size of hepatocytes in periportal area was significantly more than size of hepatocytes in centrilobular area. The number of mononuclear hepatocytes was significantly more in periportal area than centrilobular area whereas number of binucleated hepatocytes didn't vary significantly between periportal and centrilobular areas. The average no. of Kupffer cells in periportal region was significantly more than centrilobular area. The reaction for neutral mucopolysaccharides and glycogen was more in centrilobular hepatocytes, proteins were distributed homogeneously and reaction for lipids was more in centrilobular hepatocytes. Periportal hepatocytes exhibited a strong phosphatases activity whereas non-specific esterases activity was more in centrilobular hepatocytes. This work will contribute to the corpus of knowledge regarding the heterogeneity of hepatocytes, which enables the liver to carry out a variety of functions and enhances its complexity and adaptability in preserving the body's homeostasis.

Buffalo reproduction is influenced by seasonal variations. This study examined the key parameters affecting the uterine endometrial histoarchitecture during the follicular and luteal phases of the oestrous cycle across summer and winter. The expression of progesterone receptor (PR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), essential indicators for endometrial cell proliferation and differentiation, was examined. The uterine alkaline phosphatase (AKPase) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity demonstrated active protein transport and DNA turnover within the nucleus, reflecting a cellular functional state. Twenty-four (N = 24) samples were taken from healthy adults (2–6 years) cyclic nonpregnant Murrah buffalo. The samples were grouped into two categories (summer and winter) based on the season of collection, where N = 12. For each season, the samples were sub-grouped into two (N = 6), according to the cyclic phase of the animal which was determined by gross macroscopic observation of functional CL on the surface of the ovary. Immunohistochemical staining for PR and PCNA, histoenzymatic staining for AKPase and SDH, was performed on uterine samples. The immunostaining intensity was quantified by measuring the optical density (OD) value of the antigen–antibody reaction and by calculating the percentage of immunopositive cells. Histoenzymic localization of AKPase and SDH of the uterine samples were done. The findings indicated that the immunoreactivity for PR and PCNA and the histoenzymatic localisation of AKPase and SDH were more evident during the luteal phase than in the follicular phase. Nonetheless, these factors declined throughout the summer compared to the winter. The seasonal declines indicate that diminished endometrial function adversely affects buffalo reproduction, potentially leading to summer sterility.

The present research was conducted on corpora lutea (CL) samples of healthy buffaloes (n = 24) with the aim to localize presence of immune cell macrophage, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. The collected CL were categorized into four different stages i.e., early (stage I, 1 to 5 days, n = 6), mid (stage II, 6 to 11 days, n = 6), late luteal phase (stage III, 12 to 16 days, n = 6) and regressing phase (stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n = 6), based on their gross morphology. The macrophages were observed occasionally throughout the luteal parenchyma of early and mid-luteal CL. However, their number was lowest during early and mid-luteal phases being 7.7 ± 0.98 (Mean ± S.E) and 6.37 ± 0.79 per unit area, respectively. The number was considerably higher in regressing phases i.e., late luteal phase (60.45 ± 4.39 per unit area) and corpus albicans (108.25 ± 6.35 per unit area). Ultrastructurally as well, their presence was observed to be higher in the regressing phases as cells with filopdia for the process of phagocytosis. These findings concluded that the presence of macrophages, although lower in early and mid-luteal phases of CL formation, indicated their probable role in promoting angiogenesis and thus proliferation of buffalo CL during its formation. However, their considerable higher presence during late and regressing phases of CL led to increased phagocytosis of degraded luteal cells that thereby promoted its structural luteolysis.

The current study was undertaken with the aim to characterize the macroscopic morphological and morphometrical features of cyclic corpus luteum (CL; n=40) and CL of pregnancy (n=10) in buffalo. The four stages of cyclic CL were interpreted after ovarian analysis i.e., c olor, consistency, vasculature of CL, number and size of follicles into early (Stage I, 1 to 5 days, n=10), mid (Stage II, 6 to 11 days, n=10), late luteal phase (Stage III, 12 to 16 days, n=10) and follicular phase (Stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n=10). In Stage I, it was slightly protruded from the surface of ovary, bloody in appearance due to increased blood congestion, soft in consistency and termed as corpus haemorrhagicum. In Stage II, initially CL was bright red in color, later fleshy in color and soft in consistency. In Stage III, it was shrunken to great extent and pale yellow to creamish in color due to reduced vascularity. At Stage IV it was shrunken and rigid; texture became firmer, completely condensed into small whitish in color due to complete loss of vascularity. It varied in size and weight as well during the varying stages of estrus cycle depicting changes in its morphology. Therefore, by recording the macroscopic observations on cyclic CL and CL of pregnancy, it was further characterized into different stages.

The gross morphological examination of native caprine heart valves revealed distinctive structural characteristics of the caprine's cardiac anatomy. Four primary orifices were identified, each protected by thin, valve-like structures. Atrioventricular orifices featured tricuspid and bicuspid valves, while the aorta and pulmonary arteries were guarded by semilunar valves. Within the atrioventricular apparatus, distinct features were observed including the tricuspid valve's three leaflets and the bicuspid valve's anterior and posterior leaflets. Ultrasonography provided insights into valve thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Morphometric studies compared leaflets/cusps within individual native valves, showcasing significant variations in dimensions. Comparative analysis between native and decellularized valves highlighted the effects of decellularization on leaflet thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Decellularized valves exhibited reduced dimensions compared to native valves, indicating successful removal of cellular components. While some dimensions remained unchanged post-decellularization, significant reductions were observed in leaflet thicknesses and chordae tendineae lengths. Notably, semilunar valve cusps displayed varying responses to decellularization, with significant reductions in cusp lengths observed in the aortic valve, while the pulmonary valve exhibited more subtle changes. These findings underscore the importance of understanding structural alterations in heart valves post-decellularization, providing valuable insights for tissue engineering applications and regenerative medicine.

The present study aimed to characterize the atresia of antral follicles of buffalo. Two types of atresia, cystic and obliterative, were observed in the buffalo ovary. The cystic atresia was characterized by complete degeneration of the granulosa cells with the antrum filled with fluid. In obliterative atresia, the granulosa cells degenerated, and the surrounding theca cells started invaginating into the antrum. The ingrowth of these connective tissues filled the antrum. The histological picture of tertiary follicles showed that the atresia occurred in successive stages. The atretic changes observed were pyknosis of granulosa cells, the creation of small spaces between the cells, and the loosening of the cumulus oophorus cells. Two patterns were observed based on the start of atresia, i.e. antral atresia and basal atresia. At places, call-exner bodies were observed in the granulosa cell layer. The collagen fiber-containing basal lamina started separating from the theca layer at locations and later became hypertrophied in the cystic atresia type. In contrast, in the obliterative atresia, the collagen fibers were seen as abundant in growth towards the lumen and later, it filled the whole antral cavity. Disruptions of reticular fibers as stained with Gridley’s stain were observed in the cystic type of atresia, and ingrowth of reticular fibers in the antrum and formation of corpus atreticum were contributed by reticular fibers also.

The reproductive efficiency in buffalo is highly influenced by seasonal variability. Angiogenesis in the reproductive cycle is important for optimal physiological functioning of uterus. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase diaphorase (NADPH-d) are vital indicators for the uterine angiogenic process. This study was conducted to see the effect of season on the expression of different uterine angiogenic factors. Season wise (winter and summer) and phase wise (follicular and luteal), immune staining intensity of buffalo uterus was measured by calculating the optical density value (OD) for ER alpha and VEGF. Percentage of immuno-positive cell count for ER alpha was done. Histoenzymic NADPH-d expression was analysed. Expression of all these factors increased during follicular phase of oestrous cycle in order to support the angiogenesis; however, the expression was significantly lower (p <= 0.05) in term of OD value as well as percentage count of immuno-positive cells during summer season indicating lower angiogenic activity that subsequently affected reproduction in buffalo.

The present study evaluated the impact of intracervical hyaluronidase enzyme on cervical histomorphology in successfully detorted uterine torsion affected buffaloes. These animals were either subjected to routine post-detorsion treatment (n=10) or in addition to routine treatment, hyaluronidase enzyme (10,000 IU; 2.5 ml at each of 3, 6, 9, 12 o’clock position of cervix) was administered intracervically immediately post-detorsion (n=10), followed by repeated administration at 6 h interval (0, 6, 12, 18 h) till complete cervical dilatation or till 24 h after detorsion. The pre-treatment cervical biopsy samples were collected immediately after detorsion and post-treatment samples were collected at complete cervical dilatation which happened within 24 h after detorsion in all the cases. Following histomorphology, the quantification of collagen fibers as mean percentage area occupied collagen out of total tissue area in pre-treatment cervical biopsy samples of all the buffaloes was revealed as 21.0±5.7. During post-treatment period, at the time of complete cervical dilatation, this value exhibited a decrease in control (9.1±2.2; P>0.05) as well as hyaluronidase group (5.8±2.1; P<0.05). In summary, collagen fiber dispersion in cervical tissue of successfully detorted uterine torsion affected buffaloes suggested their role in cervical dilatation, whereby, intracervical hyaluronidase was able to enhance the cervical tissue collagen dispersion.

The present study was conducted to localize the immunoexpression of VEGF-A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in corpora lutea of healthy buffaloes (24) collected from local slaughterhouses. CL collected were categorized into early (stage I, 1-5 days, n = 6), mid (stage II, 6-11 days, n = 6), late luteal phase (stage III, 12 to 16 days, n = 6) and regressing phase (stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n = 6). The percent positive immunostaining for VEGF-A was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mid-luteal phase than the other three stages of CL. However, it was higher in early luteal phase as well indicated intense angiogenesis in both early and mid-luteal phases. The number of capillary endothelium expressing vWF was significantly (p < 0.05) highest in mid-luteal phase among all the phases. However, in late luteal phase, the percent area positive for VEGF-A immunostaining was reduced but it was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than corpus albicans phase. Thus, in regressing phase or corpus albicans, it was lowest and reduced considerably. However, in late luteal phase, the number of capillaries with vWF immunoexpression reduced significantly (p < 0.05) but it was lowest in corpus albicans phase. Therefore, the immunotaining pattern for VEGF-A and vWF concluded that there was a spositive linear correlation between the two, that is, as the VEGF-A expression was increased, the number of vWF positive capillaries also increased and vice versa. The VEGF-A expressed by the luteal parenchyma in different stages of development and regression of corpus luteum was thus observed to be involved in promoting the angiogenesis and luteal cell proliferation as supported by vWF expressed by endothelium of proliferating capillaries in buffalo corpus luteum throughout the estrous cycle.

Background: Tumours in dogs are increasing day by day and the mainstay of treatment is surgery. Wide surgical resection of soft tissue tumour in dogs is mandatory to prevent recurrence but it leads to the formation of a large skin defect requiring skin reconstruction. Among the various skin reconstruction techniques, subdermal skin flap is a simple reconstruction technique which can be performed by harvesting full-thickness skin from the surrounding skin without using special instruments. The current study was aimed to evaluate the healing and recurrence of tumours in dogs after wide surgical resection of tumour and subdermal skin flap reconstruction.Methods: 20 dogs with soft tissue tumours presented to MSVH, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, during the period 2019-2020 were treated by wide surgical resection and subdermal skin flap technique. Routine clinico-physical, Hematobiochemical, Radiographic examinations, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Histopathology and Culture Sensitivity Test were performed. Different types of flap were created according to the location of tumour and availability of the loose skin and wound healing was evaluated and complications recorded. Result: Healing of subdermal flap was seen in 15 dogs (75%) while necrosis of subdermal flap was recorded in 5 dogs (25 %) of the cases of which 4 of them had mobility of flap base and were located in ventral abdomen (n=4) and limb (n=1). Overall tumour recurrence was recorded in 3 dogs (15%) which were located in limbs of which 2 dogs had lung metastasis and the tumours were malignant. It can be concluded that single pedicle advancement flaps for thoracic region; bipedicle advancement flap for thoracic and abdominal regions; rotational flaps for lateral thoracic region and transposition flap for proximal limb region are feasible skin reconstruction techniques for the repair of large skin defects in dogs.

This study aimed to investigate and characterize the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in buffaloes at different stages of development, including prenatal, neonatal, prepubertal, and adult testes. We sought a comprehensive understanding of these cells through a combination of histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. Specifically, we examined changes in the expression of two potential SSC markers, OCT4 and PGP9.5, using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we conducted a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the relative gene expression of OCT4 and PGP9.5. The relative expression of the OCT4 gene was down-regulated in the adult testes compared to its expression during prepubertal and neonatal life. The relative expression of the PGP9.5 gene was up-regulated in the neonatal testes and down-regulated in the prepubertal and adult testes. The spermatogonia were round, oval-to-ellipsoidal cells lying over the basement membrane (BM) with a round-to-oval nucleus. Based on the immunoexpression of the putative SSC markers, OCT4 and PGP9.5, we concluded that the proportion of stem cells was highest during the neonatal stage, followed by the prepubertal and prenatal stages. This finding sheds light on the dynamics of spermatogonial stem cells in buffalo testes at different developmental stages, providing valuable insights into these cells' regulation and potential applications.

The present study was conducted on placentomes of 31 pregnant buffaloes ranging from 38 to 243 days of gestation to explore the microscopic details of giant cells and their behavior in buffalo placentomes. Various histological and histochemical stains used in the study revealed its structural and chemical details. The study revealed that giant cells played a major role in transplacental transfer of nutrients and other metabolites required by the fetal and maternal tissues. High polysaccharide content and intense enzymatic reaction indicated high metabolic activity of the giant cells in the placenta. The migratory nature of giant cells observed in the present study revealed its role in transfer of metabolites. The cytoplasmic processes observed in the study indicated its fusion with the cryptal epithelium as a medium of transfer of metabolites and formation of multinucleated giant cells. Strong acid phosphates activity can be correlated with its erythrophagocytic nature as a medium of transfer of iron molecules to the developing fetus.

A pathogenic strain of Aeromonas veronii, named as A8-AHP, was isolated from the kidney tissue of diseased Labeo rohita. Intraperitoneal injection of A. veronii A8-AHP into L. rohita fingerlings resulted in development of clinical signs similar to the natural infection. During disk diffusion assay, A. veronii A8-AHP showed resistance against ampicillin and imipenem. The complete de novo assembled genome of A. veronii A8-AHP consisted of a 4,744,657 bp circular chromosome and three circular plasmids of 10,228, 7706, and 5625 bp. The bacterial genome showed nucleotide sequence identities of 90.5-96.6% with other A. veronii genomes in NCBI database. Genes encoding for several virulence factors viz. polar and lateral flagella, pili, fimbriae, type II secretion system (T2SS), type III secretion system (T3SS), aemlysin, hemolysin, proteases and lipases etc. were detected. Besides, genetic factors related to antibiotic inactivation, target site alteration and efflux pump were also present. A total of 73 metabolic pathways were also detected. The arsenate reductase encoding gene in A. veronii A8-AHP could also of biotechnological significance for bioremediation purposes. Present study reports the first complete genome sequence of fish pathogenic A. veronii from India.

Bleeding causes -5.8 million deaths globally; half of the patients die if rapid hemostasis is not achieved. Here, we report a chitosan-casein (CC) -based nanofibrous polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) that could clot blood within 10 s in the rat femoral artery model in vivo . The nanofiber formation by self -assembly was also optimized for process parameters (concentration, mixing ratio, pH, and ultrasonication). Results showed that increasing the concentration of chitosan from 10 % to 90 % in the formulation increased the productivity ( r = 0.99) of PECs but led to increased blood clotting time ( r = 0.90) due to an increase in zeta potential ( r = 0.98), fiber diameter ( r = 0.93), and decreased surface porosity ( r = -0.99), absorption capacity (r = -0.99). The pH also influenced the zeta potential of PEC, with an optimized pH of 8.0 +/- 0.1 yielding clear nanofibers. Sonication improved the segregation of nanofibers by promoting water removal. The optimized PECs containing chitosan and casein in the ratio of 30:70 (CC30) at a pH of 8.0 and dehydration under sonication could clot the blood within 9 +/- 2 s in vitro and 9 +/- 2 s in rat femoral artery puncture model. The CC30 formulation did not cause any irritation or corrosion on rat skin. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of various organs showed that CC30 was biocompatible and non -immunogenic under in vivo conditions.

Various potential sources of bioactive components exist in nature which are fairly underutilized due to the lack of a scientific approach that can be sustainable as well as practically feasible. The recovery of bioactive compounds is a big challenge and its use in food industry to develop functional foods is a promising area of research. Various techniques are available for the extraction of these bioactives but due to their thermolabile nature, there is demand for nonthermal or green technologies which can lower the cost of operation and decrease operational time and energy consumption as compared to conventional methods. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is gaining popularity due to its relative advantages over solvent extraction. Thereafter, ultrasonication as an encapsulating tool helps in protecting the core components against adverse food environmental conditions during processing and storage. The review mainly aims to discuss ultrasound technology, its applications, the fundamental principles of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and encapsulation, the parameters affecting them, and applications of ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation in food systems. Additionally, future research areas are highlighted with an emphasis on the energy sustainability of the whole process.

Comparative studies on some histoenzymic entities wereconducted on the trachea and lung tissues of adult Pashmina,Bakerwali and non-descript goats (n=10 each) inhabitingat different altitudes and geo-climatic conditions of Ladakhand Jammu and Kashmir. The study was conducted inDivision of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of VeterinaryScience and Animal Husbandry, R S. Pura, Jammu in 2019.A part of the same was also conducted in the Departmentof Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, GADVASU,Ludhiana. Tissues from these organs were subjected forlocalizing certain tissue enzymes, viz. Alkaline phosphatase(AKPase), Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), Succinic aciddehydrogenase (SDH) and NADPH. The epithelial liningof trachea showed strong reaction to G-6-Pase and LDH inBakerwali goat, while SDH showed strong reaction inPashmina goats. Again, in regard to lung tissues, AKPaseand LDH showed moderate to strong reactions in Pashminagoat, but SDH exhibited strong reactions. In Bakerwaligoats, AKPase and LDH showed moderate to strongreactions, while in non-descript goats, LDH exhibitedmoderate to strong reactions and G6PDH showed intensereactions. This revealed that not much variations wereobserved in regard to localization of certain histoenzymicentities in trachea and lung tissues of three breeds of goatswhich are the inhabitants of different altitudes and geoclimatic conditions.