Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The kidneys are the most common sites, secondary to the hematogenous spread of the disease. Although it causes various genitourinary conditions, including obstructive uropathy, interstitial nephritis, glomerulopathy, chronic kidney disease and even end stage renal disease (ESRD), atypical clinical symptoms and radiologic findings may lead to a lack of awareness regarding compromised renal function among patients. Diagnostic awareness may prevent unnecessary morbidity. Thus, GUTB should be considered in patients presenting with atypical clinical symptoms and radiologic findings, particularly in those with a history of tuberculosis. A 43-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic left nephrectomy based on the clinical diagnosis of chronic obstructive uropathy with a non-functional kidney. Cystically dilated, a small sized-atrophic kidney showed microscopically severe renal parenchymal injuries such as diffuse and global glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, extensive interstitial inflammation, and cystically dilated renal pelvis, all consistent with the clinical diagnosis of a non-functional kidney. Along with these findings, multifocal granulomas with caseous necrosis were frequently found and these areas are positive for AFP and Tbc-PCR. Herein, we report a patient with renal TB showing histological findings of ESRD, radiologic urinary obstruction and no prominent clinical symptoms. Long-term untreated GUTB may progress to ESRD leading to a non-functional kidney that should be surgically resected. Diagnostic awareness may prevent unnecessary morbidity. Hence, this diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting with atypical clinical and radiological findings, and particularly in those with a history of TB.
The World Health Organization recently published a list of bacteria which urgently needed new medicine; the examples of the bacterias are Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and P. aeruginosa. MRSA and P. aeruginosa are in a group which highly needed a new alternative potential medicine. MRSA and P. aeruginosa have progressively increased their resistance to antimicrobial drug, MRSA and P. aeruginosa are listed as Multi Drug Resistance Organism (MDRO) and Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs) bacteria, HAIs is still a major problem in both developed or developing countries around the world include many countries in Asia. The aim of this study was to find an alternative potential drug which is effectively killing MRSA. +Oxivarea is a substance combine of grape seed oil, olive oil, lemon oil, and nutmeg oil which has been through ozonized process. Ozone has a potential to emerge therapy and act as a potential antimicrobial. This in vitro experimental research used broth dilution test method with Mueller Hinton Agar as bacteria growing medium. The purpose of using this method is to observe the killing effect of +Oxivarea, determine the minimum ozone time. The gas chromatography test was performed to determine the substances of +Oxivarea. The experiment showed +Oxivarea with 4 hours ozonation process and in 100% concentration could totally eliminate MRSA and P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial effect of the +Oxivarea was formed because of biochemical compound of +Oxivarea such as polyphenols, methyl palmitate, methyl oleat, methyl stearate, methyl linoleat and also because of the ozonation process effect the intact of bateria cell wall. Our findings showed that +Oxivarea could kill MRSA and this knowledge is expected to be used for the beginning manufacturer of anti MDRO drug +Oxivarea.
The introduction of diphtheria immunisation into the Expanded Program of Immunisation in the 1970s has markedly reduced the incidence of diphtheria diseases. We report a case of fatal diphtheria in a 2 year-old girl whose immunisation status was not known. She had presented with acute exudative tonsillitis and was treated with intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate but showed progressive signs of upper airway obstruction; stridor, drooling of saliva and bull-neck appearance, with bilateral facial swelling around the parotid region that extended to submental and submandibular regions. Initial cultures from blood, throat, nasal and oral cavity revealed no significant organisms. Corynebacterium diphtheriae subspecies gravis which was resistant to penicillin, was isolated from pus specimen a day after her demise. Clinical suspicion is important to aid diagnosis, microbiological confirmation and management of diphtheria, as the disease is rare in the era of successful immunisation programs. Microbiological vigilance plays an important role in early detection of infection as well as outbreaks. Early institution of diphtheria antitoxin may save lives, while delay in diagnosis may increase mortality and the risk of transmission. This case reaffirms the vital role of immunisation and the importance of efforts to ensure a high uptake of the scheduled immunisations.
The molecular characterization of 37 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained during September 2013 and September 2014 was conducted based on the 16S rDNA and oprL genes. The genetic diversity among isolates was determined with ERIC-pcr. The segments of the opr L and 16s rDNA genes were used to detect all P. aeruginosa isolates. The ERIC-PCR bands generated patterns that allowed the separation of isolates into different groups or clades and classify them into different genotypes. The susceptibility pattern of the isolated strains against ceftazidime, imipenem, gentamicin and amikin was assessed by a disk diffusion method. The percentage of isolates resistant to ceftazidime, imipenem, gentamicin and amikin was 14%, 16%, 16% and 24% respectively. In general these percentages are relatively low compared to those reported in other countries and only one of the isolates (64113) showed multidrug resistance.
A comparative study for the detection and identification of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses was carried-out on respiratory samples collected during the period 2009-2011 when influenza activity in central Greece was dominated by this virus subtype. We evaluated 1500 nasal and pharyngeal swabs for the presence of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza by virus culture in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and by real-time RT-PCR assay (rt-RT-PCR). By cell culture, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were isolated and identified by hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) in 387 samples (26%), while by rt-RT-PCR, A(H1N1)pdm09 RNA sequences were detected and identified in 510 samples (34%). There was found a 100% correlation of virus type and subtype, following testing by both methods. Using cell culture as the gold standard, rt-RT-PCR had a 100% sensitivity and detected an additional 123 (8%) A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in the samples evaluated. The rt-RT-PCR assay, for the detection and subtyping of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during pandemic influenza activity in central Greece, provided a rapid, sensitive, and low-cost method for the screening and diagnosis of influenza in respiratory samples.
During the period 2012-2014 in central Greece, influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B virus genotypes were detected and isolated from individuals with influenza illness. Influenza A(H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses were the dominant virus type in circulation as it was detected in 9% and 12% of pharyngeal swabs examined by real-time RT-PCR during both seasons, respectively, while type B viruses were detected in only 3% of the samples examined. Influenza activity in central Greece, as was determined by number of reported influenza cases and influenza positive samples detected, was markedly increased in the 2013-14, as compared to the 2012-13 season. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected during the 2013-14 season along with A (H3N2) and type B viruses. All type A(H1N1), A (H3N2) and type B influenza isolates analyzed by cell culture reacted to a high titer (> 640) against antisera to vaccine-like viruses of the same period, indicating satisfactory influenza vaccine protection against circulating seasonal and pandemic influenza viral strains.
The proanthocyanidins (PACs) are the main components of cranberry (fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), and their content determines the effectiveness in the urinary tract infections (UTIs). The activity of PACS is related to inhibition of bacterial adherence. Cysticlean® is a cranberry extract product with a high quantity of proanthocyanidins (240 mg/capsule of PACs). Cysticlean® is used in the prevention and treatment of recurrent UTIs. The aim of this study is the comparison of different concentrations of Cysticlean® capsules on adherence of Escherichia coli to bladder epithelial cells.
Between the years 2009 and 2014, one thousand two hundred and eighty five (1,285) CSF samples were collected at paediatric wards of federal teaching hospital Gombe. Using standard laboratory procedures the samples were processed for microscopy, culture and sensitivity of bacterial isolates at medical microbiology department of the same institution. The results were retrospectively analyzed. Generally, 54 (4.2%) bacterial pathogens were isolated from the patients in the years under study. Of the seven hundred and sixty seven (767) male samples processed 34 (4.4%) were culture positive while of the five hundred and eighteen (518) female samples processed, 20 (3.9%) were also culture positive. The highest number of positive samples was 29 (53.7%) from age group 0-2 years while the least positive sample was 1(1.9%) from age group 13-15years. Nine bacterial species were isolated, among which Neisseria meningitidis was the most frequent isolate with 31(57.4%) isolates. The least were Salmonella species and Citrobacter species with 1 (1.9%) isolate each. Using Oxoid sensitivity discs for the susceptibility testing, Gentamicin was the most effective drug as 6 of the 9 species isolated were excellently sensitive to it while the least was Cotrimoxazole where 8 of the isolated species were completely resistance to it. The results of this study therefore, re-establish the high vulnerability of children to bacterial meningitis, the importance of laboratory analysis of the CSF and recommends that Gentamicin and Augmentin should be included in syndromic treatment of CSM where laboratory investigations of CSF are not readily available.
Background: Muscle strength is a key factor to the performance in all sports. Thus, it is important to correctly implement training programmes to improve it. Eccentric training programmes increase muscle strength and causes hypertrophy. However, the effectiveness of eccentric exercise in changing the architectural structure of muscles, using multi-joint isokinetic dynamometer at high intensity, has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eccentric isokinetic training of high loads on the architectural structure of amateur soccer players’ rectus femoris, utilizing a multi-joint dynamometer. Methods: Sixteen subjects (18-26 years) without musculoskeletal problems took part in this study. Eight of them were amateur soccer players and 8 non-trained individuals. The equipment utilized was the following: a) a multi-joint isokinetic dynamometer (MID Hydrodynamic AF), b) a force plate (Kistler, 9281 CA), a computer and a video projector in order to provide feedback regarding the characteristics of the power-time curve during training and c) an ultrasound device used to record the architectural structure of the RF (General Electric, model: LOGIQ 400). Results: The experimental group demonstrated statistically significant differences regarding all the tested variables: Xapon, t(7)=-4,288 p=,004, Lfiber, t(7)=-4,209 p=,004 and Φpterosi, t(7)= -3,418 p=, 011, while the control group did not. Conclusion: The multi-joint isokinetic dynamometer is a tool that leads to the maximization the eccentric strength.
