Kinetic Exclusion Assay (KinExA) is a powerful analytical technology that has gained importance for its ability to accurately characterize the intermolecular interactions in terms of affinity, binding kinetics, stoichiometry, specificity, and quantitatively measure the concentrations of diverse molecules in various fields of applications. This review article provides a comprehensive addressing of KinExA, covering its theoretical foundations, characteristics, instrumentation, and focusing on the applications of the technology for concentration measurements in diverse fields. The article begins by elucidating the fundamental concepts of KinExA, highlighting its principle of operation including the fundamental equations and assumptions underlying the technology, providing a sound understanding of the quantitative aspects of the technology. In addition, the article explores the key characteristics of KinExA that contribute to its widespread utilization. Furthermore, the review explores into the instrumentation of KinExA, outlining the components and operation of the instrument and assay setup. Finally, the review explores the diverse applications of KinExA in concentration measurements across various fields. These application fields include pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis clinical diagnostics, forensic analysis, environmental monitoring, food safety, heavy metals analysis, and diagnostic microbiology. The article emphasizes the reliability of KinExA in measuring analytes of diverse nature ranging from small molecules and micromodules. In conclusion, this review article provides a comprehensive overview of KinExA technology by demonstrating its broad utility as a valuable analytical tool, offering precise and reliable quantification of analytes in diverse sample matrices in different fields of applications.
This review explores the innovative approaches in localized drug delivery systems specifically designed to manage periodontal diseases (PD). The primary focus is on how these systems enhance the concentration of therapeutic agents at the site of infection, thereby minimizing systemic side effects and improving treatment outcomes. It emphasizes the role of biodegradable and bioadhesive polymers as carriers for sustained drug release. The chapter reviews different local drug delivery systems, such as fibers, films, chips, microparticles, and gels, highlighting their mechanisms of action, advantages, and limitations. It also discusses commonly used drugs, including chlorhexidine, doxycycline, metronidazole, and tetracycline, which are encapsulated within these systems to improve therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, the chapter delves into the polymers used in drug delivery, categorizing them into natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers, each offering unique benefits regarding biocompatibility and drug release kinetics. Polymeric therapeutics for controlled and sustained release further support the development of localized treatments. Overall, this chapter underscores the advancements in drug delivery technologies that promise to revolutionize the treatment of PD by reducing systemic side effects and optimizing therapeutic outcomes.
Ferulic acid (FA) is a common dietary phenolic compound in various fruits, vegetables, coffee, cereals, and plant-based products. FA is recognized for its potent antioxidant properties and has the potential to be a promising therapeutic agent across various health conditions, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic disorders, viral infections, and skin issues. Therefore, researchers have extensively studied FA and considered it a valuable ingredient for the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. This chapter comprehensively reviews FA, covering its nomenclature, physicochemical properties, synthesis methods, and thermal behavior. Stability, indications, pharmacology, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics are discussed. Additionally, different analytical techniques used for the quantitative and qualitative determination of FA are presented.
Rosuvastatin calcium (Ros-Ca) is a recent addition to the statin class of drugs. It lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting its production in the liver. It is prescribed to control blood cholesterol levels when diet and exercise fail to manage hypercholesterolemia due to genetic reasons or other health problems. This chapter provides a complete review of Ros-Ca including its physiochemical characteristics, synthesis, and thermal analysis. It also encompasses various analytical approaches for quantitative and qualitative analysis of Ros-Ca.
Perindopril (PER) is classified as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is used primarily for the management of hypertension and cardiovascular conditions, including heart failure and stable coronary artery disease. Two primary salts of PER have been developed, perindopril arginine (PER-Arg) and perindopril erbumine (PER-E). This chapter presents a detailed overview on the physicochemical attributes of PER-Arg, molecular structure, synthetic pathway, crystallographic behavior, thermal stability, and UV absorbance profile of PER-Arg. Moreover, the chromatographic, spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric, biosensors, and radioimmunoassay methodologies employed for quantifying PER-Arg and PER-E, both as a standalone compound and in combination with other drugs in various matrices, are thoroughly discussed.
Vortioxetine (VX) is a multimodal novel antidepressant drug that belongs to the class of serotonin modulators and simulators (SMS). It is widely used for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). VX possesses a multimodal mechanism of action that includes inhibition of serotonin transporter (SERT) and direct modulation of serotonin receptors (i.e., 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT3, 5-HT1D, and 5-HT7). This monograph presents a comprehensive review that includes a description (i.e., taxonomy, nomenclature, impurities, etc.), different synthesis methods, physical characteristics (i.e., appearance, color, solubility, thermodynamic properties, etc.), methods of analysis (i.e., spectroscopic, chromatographic, electrochemical methods), stability and degradation, pharmacology (i.e., pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics), therapeutic uses, and adverse and toxic effects of VX.
Sofosbuvir, a nucleotide analogue, is an antiviral medication that belongs to the class of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). It is primarily used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Sofosbuvir works by inhibiting the replication of HCV, disrupting its ability to produce RNA and effectively reducing the viral load in the body. This chapter offers a comprehensive examination of sofosbuvir, including its nomenclature, physiochemical attributes, synthesis, and thermal analysis. Furthermore, it presents various analytical methods employed for both spectrophotometric and chromatographic assessments of sofosbuvir in different matrices.
Linagliptin (LINA) is the first dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor that could be administered orally to control hyperglycemia. It is indicated for controlling adult blood sugar levels that are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type II. The current chapter provides a complete review of LINA including nomenclature, physiochemical characteristics, synthesis, and thermal analysis. Additionally, different analytical techniques used for quantitative and qualitative determination of LINA are presented.
Nateglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of insulin secretagogues. It is used as an oral hypoglycemic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative of D-phenylalanine that binds to the ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells and stimulates the secretion of insulin. In this chapter, various aspects of Nateglinide are discussed. This includes methods used for its synthesis, physicochemical properties, and different techniques employed to determine its structure, such as elemental analysis, IR, UV, (1H and 13C) NMR, MS, and XRD. Additionally, the chapter covers a literature review of various methods of analysis of Nateglinide, such as X-ray powder diffraction pattern analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, spectrophotometric, chromatographic, capillary electrophoresis and immunoassay methods. Moreover, the pharmacology of the title drug including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, mechanism of action, drug-drug and drug-food interactions are also reviewed.
This chapter presents an overall account of cyclodextrins (CDs) with a brief description of the history, classification, and properties of these macromolecules. CDs act as complexing agents for drugs to form CD-drug inclusion complexes by various techniques. These complexes lead to the modification of the physicochemical properties of drugs to make them more soluble, chemically, and photochemically stable, and less toxic. It focuses in detail on various pharmaceutical uses of CDs and their derived forms in drug solubility, bioavailability, drug stability, drug delivery, and drug safety which have been specifically highlighted. The role of CDs and derivatives as excipients in the drug formulation of solid dosage forms, parenteral dosage forms, and anticancer drugs has been emphasized. Some other applications of CDs in cosmetics, environmental protection, food technology, and analytical methods have been described.
Fenamates are the most crucial non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat pain-related diseases. The clinically prescribed drugs of the fenamate group include mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, and niflumic acid. Due to their widespread use, all these drugs are considered as the most common water and sewerage pollutants. Studies have been performed to remove these contaminants from water sources by various forced degradation procedures, but the number of studies in this area is limited. In this chapter, an effort has been made to review the degradation of multiple fenamates in different systems and the factors affecting the degradation rates with the proposed degradation pathways.
This comprehensive drug profile provides a detailed exploration of Dronedarone, an antiarrhythmic medication used for regulating irregular heartbeats. This chapter covers various aspects of Dronedarone, including its nomenclature, formulae, physical characteristics, methods of preparation, and analytical methods. The nomenclature section presents the IUPAC and nonproprietary names of Dronedarone, along with its proprietary names. The empirical formula, molecular weight, and CAS number are provided for both Dronedarone and its hydrochloride salt. The document also explores the physical characteristics, including color, form, and optical activity, as well as the melting point, solubility, and spectroscopic analysis. Stability, clinical applications, pharmacology, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics are discussed.
Ponatinib is a prescription medication used to treat a rare form of blood cancer called Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) that is resistant to other treatments. It belongs to a class of drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which work by blocking abnormal proteins that promote the growth of cancer cells. In this chapter, the synthesis methods and physicochemical properties of ponatinib were reviewed, besides the characterization of the ponatinib structure using different techniques such as elemental analysis, IR, UV, (1H and 13C) NMR, MS, and XRD. Furthermore, the compendial method for analysis of ponatinib was not found, while the literature review of a non-compendial method for analysis of ponatinib, such as spectroscopic, chromatographic, and immunoassay methods, was covered. Moreover, pharmacology and biochemistry were surveyed in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
Deferasirox is an iron-chelating drug developed by Novartis company for treatment of diseases accompanied by chronic iron overload; such as β-thalassemia or sickle cell diseases. Owing to its advantages such as high affinity, specificity and wide therapeutic window, it is considered as first line treatment. The current chapter describes the physicochemical characteristics, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic applications and synthetic methods for deferasirox. Moreover, it includes Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis for its functional groups. In addition, the selected analytical methods are summarized to aid the analysts in their routine analysis of deferasirox.
Brimonidine is a highly selective 2-adrenoceptor agonist that lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) by decreasing aqueous humor production and increasing aqueous humor outflow via the uveoscleral route. Brimonidine is used to treat glaucoma and other eye conditions. Brimonidine is a topical medication that is used mainly to treat open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in the eyelids. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive discussion of Brimonidine's nomenclature, physiochemical properties, preparation methods, identification procedures, and numerous qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques, as well as its ADME profiles and pharmacological effects. In addition, the chapter contains numerous approaches for separating brimonidine from other medications in combination formulations utilizing chromatographic techniques and other spectroscopic approaches.
