Statement of the Problem: The consensus regarding exercise is that it is beneficial to health. However, the extent to which exercise has a positive impact on the body, in particular the immune system is limited. Therefore, targeting the correct level of exercise to induce optimal outcomes has been debated. Aims: This report intends on highlighting the effects exercise has on the innate and adaptive immune response and explore the medical considerations in educating the public and future cases. Methods: A literature search of peer reviewed articles using the terms, “exercise”, “immune system” and “inflammation” was carried out using Medline and EMBASE databases. Results: Exercise demonstrated to enhance the hosts immunity by increasing the levels of dendritic cells. Although, some studies highlighted the negative impact of exercise on the numbers of neutrophils and type 1 T-cells. Moreover, exercise provided some level of resistance against chronic inflammatory diseases, via an increase in interlukin-6 levels. The effects of physical activity on athletes and non-athletes was also reviewed and it was demonstrated that the intensity of exercise relates to the effect it has on the individual. In addition to this, exercise helps improve the psychological state, by reducing stress and anxiety, thus improving the immune response. Discussion: The impact exercise has on the immune system is dependent on the unique factors of the individual carrying out the activity. Therefore, the level of intensity of exercise, BMI of the individual and gender are important considerations to be taken into account, to understand the effect exercise will have on the immune response. Understanding the positive impacts of exercise on immunity
Knee joint injuries are the second most common musculoskeletal disorder (Filbay & Grindem, 2019). Many of the untreated knee ACLs subsequently become the onset of degenerative lesions. After ACL rupture clinics in different countries have different rehabilitation programs. Usually, conventional physiotherapy (CP) is used (Grinsven et al., 2010). Only recently the application of kinesiology tape (KT) (Kase te al., 2003; Howe et al., 2015) have started in clinical practice, therefore, there is insufficient data on their acute and long-term impact on knee joint function in the presence of ACL rupture. 32 subjects were randomly allocated to control (CP) or experimental (CP and KT) group. The CP program was designed on the basis of Grinsven et al.’s (2010) rehabilitation protocol – was applied 4 w, 3 t/w, 60 min. The KT technique was chosen on the basis of K. Kase et al. (2003) recommendations. KT was applied to the injured leg using muscular and functional-corrective techniques on the quadriceps femoris and the hamstring muscle. There were 6 KT procedures per participant in the experimental group. The CON group received KT only during the baseline and final assessment to assess short-term (1 hour after application) effect of KT. We found, that during one leg stance and after one leg hop on injured leg with KT sway displacement (Fig. 1A, 2A) and velocity (Fig.1B, 2B) change in experimental group was significantly (p < 0.05) higer than CON group. After physiotherapy postural sway Ax and Ay direction and sway velocity during one leg stance and after one leg hop on injured leg were significant lower in experimental than in CON group. The results of the the study indicate that there were no immediate KT effect on balance for subjects with ACL rupture. However, prolonged KT improved balance during stance on injured leg.
The World Health Organization defines the quality of life as individuals’ perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns. It has been found that quality of life is deteriorating as a result of SCI and may be affected by personal (sociodemographic and psychological), cultural (race and ethnicity), economic, and environmental (availability of medical care, quality of education, employment opportunities, and place of residence) factors. People with SCI on average tend to report a decreased feeling of well-being and grade their physical, mental, and social health lower than nondisabled person. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of life and methods of coping with the spinal cord injury situation in 3 elite athletes after their sporting careers have ended due to a serious spinal cord injury. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: The criteria for inclusion in the study required that participants had represented their country in sporting competitions and that they had won the championship title in a sports event at the international level. Three people took part in the study: former world champion in jumping on a BMX bike (Great Britain), former world junior ski jumping champion (Austria) and former European karate champion (Poland). Participation in the study consisted of giving an interview via an Internet communicator and filling an online WHOQoL and personal questionnaires Analyzing the overall quality of life feeling, P1 perceived his QoL negatively, while the other two were positive. P1 described his general health as very poor, while P2 and P3 were classified as very good and good, respectively. The highest quality of his life in each domain was perceived by P3. Despite a traumatic accident, the sudden end of a successful sporting career, and a completelychanged life, the respondents in this study positively described their quality of life. Each participant maintains a strong connection to the sporting environment and is socially involved. The involvement of athletes after SCI in the sporting environment prevents them from losing their sporting identity and makes it easier to find themselves in a new life situation. This may also serve as an example for other people with severe disabilities, encouraging them to engage in social activities
Land leveling is one of the most important steps in soil preparation and cultivation. Although land leveling with machines require considerable amount of energy, it delivers a suitable surface slope with minimal deterioration of the soil and damage to plants and other organisms in the soil. Notwithstanding, researchers during recent years have tried to reduce fossil fuel consumption and its deleterious side effects using new techniques such as; Artificial Neural Network (ANN),Imperialist Competitive Algorithm –ANN (ICA-ANN), and regression and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) andSensitivity Analysis that will lead to a noticeable improvement in the environment. In this research effects of various soil properties such as Embankment Volume, Soil Compressibility Factor, Specific Gravity, Moisture Content, Slope, Sand Percent, and Soil Swelling Index in energy consumption were investigated. The study was consisted of 90 samples were collected from 3 different regions. The grid size was set 20 m in 20 m (20*20) from a farmland in Karaj province of Iran. The aim of this work was to determine best linear model Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Sensitivity Analysis in order to predict the energy consumption for land leveling. According to the results of Sensitivity Analysis, only three parameters; Density, Soil Compressibility Factor and, Embankment Volume Index had significant effect on fuel consumption. According to the results of regression, only three parameters; Slope, Cut-Fill Volume (V) and, Soil Swelling Index (SSI) had significant effect on energy consumption. using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for prediction of labor energy, fuel energy, total machinery cost, and total machinery energy can be successfully demonstrated. In comparison with ANN, all ICA-ANN models had higher accuracy in prediction according to their higher R2 value and lower RMSE value. The performance of the multivariate ICA-ANN and regression and artificial neural network and Sensitivity analysis and Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model was evaluated by using statistical index (RMSE, R2 )). The values of RMSE and R2 derived by ICA-ANN model were, to Labor Energy (0.0146 and 0.9987), Fuel energy (0.0322 and 0.9975), Total Machinery Cost (0.0248 and 0.9963), Total Machinery Energy (0.0161 and 0.9987) respectively, while these parameters for multivariate regression model were, to Labor Energy (0.1394 and 0.9008), Fuel energy (0.1514 and 0.8913), Total Machinery Cost (TMC) (0.1492 and 0.9128), Total Machinery Energy (0.1378 and 0.9103).Respectively, while these parameters for ANN model were, to Labor Energy (0.0159 and 0.9990), Fuel energy (0.0206 and 0.9983), Total Machinery Cost (0.0287 and 0.9966), Total Machinery Energy (0.0157 and 0.9990) respectively, while these parameters for Sensitivity analysis model were, to Labor Energy (0.1899 and 0.8631), Fuel energy (0.8562 and 0.0206), Total Machinery Cost (0.1946 and 0.8581), Total Machinery Energy (0.1892 and 0.8437) respectively, respectively, while these parameters for ANFIS model were, to Labor Energy (0.0159 and 0.9990), Fuel energy (0.0206 and 0.9983), Total Machinery Cost (0.0287 and 0.9966), Total Machinery Energy (0.0157 and 0.9990) respectively, Results showed that ICA_ANN with seven neurons in hidden layer had better. Methods New techniques such as ANN, ICA, GWO–ANN, PSO–ANN, sensitivity analysis, regression, and ANFIS that using them for optimizing energy consumption will lead to a noticeable improvement in the environment. In this research, effects of various soil properties such as embankment volume, soil compressibility factor, specific gravity, moisture content, slope, sand percent, and soil swelling index in energy consumption were investigated. The study was consisted of 350 samples which were collected from 175 regions in two depths. The grid size was set 20 m × 20 m from a 70-ha farmland in Karaj province of Iran. Results The model that reveals the relationship between the land parameters and the energy indicators were extracted. As it was expected three parameters; density, soil compressibility factor and, embankment volume index had significant effect on fuel consumption. In comparison with ANN, all ICA–ANN models had higher accuracy in prediction according to their higher R2 value and lower RMSE value. Statistical factors of RMSE and R2 illustrate the superiority of ICA–ANN over other methods by values about 0.02 and 0.99, respectively. Results also revealed the superiority of integrated techniques over other methods for prediction of complicated problems such as land leveling energy estimation. Conclusion Results were extracted and statistical analysis was performed, and RMSE as well as coefficient of determination, R2, of the models were determined as a criterion to compare selected models. According to the results, 10-8-3-1, 10-8-2-5-1, 10-5-8-10-1, and 10-6-4-1 MLP network structures were chosen as the best arrangements and were trained using Levenberg–Marquardt as NTF. Integrating ANN and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA–ANN) had the best performance in prediction of output parameters, i.e., energy indicators.
Abstract Taurine is a free amino-sulfonic acid mostly provided by nutrition, which is present in huge amounts in the central nervous system. In retina where it signifies nearly half of the free amino-acid content Although more than 30 years ago. taurine reduction was found to trigger photoreceptor degenerat in the cats fed with a taurine-free diet. the mechanism of this taurine want still remains enigmatic. The effect of taurine on photoreceptor survival was the next confirmed in monkeys and in rats by administering an inhibitor substrate of the taurine transporter (Tau-T) and finally realised in mice by knocking out the taurine transporter. Taurine also looked to play a major role in photoreceptor development. Recently was established that the retinal toxicity of the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin, is caused by taurine depletion. Vigabatrin-treated rats and mice were found to exhibit lower plasmatic taurine absorption and taurine supplementation reduced the observed photoreceptor degeneration and the consecutive disorganization of the photoreceptor layers. However vigabatrin treated patients, the visual contraction is not only attributed to the photoreceptor degeneration but also to the retinal tumour cell (RGC) loss the RGC layer even appears as the main site of retinal damage. Taurine Improves the Survival of Purified RGCs in Culture To determine if taurine can affect directly to the RGC survival, it was applied on pure adult rat RGCs in the culture medium. The cell spotlessness of adult RGC culture was first evaluated by immunolabeling the RGC culture with two specific markers. That most cells were immunolabeled with RGC markers NF-200 whereas a very few cells are positive for macrophage marker. taurine is a strong antioxidant and an osmotic regulation particle that requires Na+-dependent approval use to its cellular activities, we are inspected whether RGCs express the taurine transporter (Tau-T). RGCs were purified and used directly after the purification step (no culture) to measure the Tau-T expression level in newly purified RGCs. These data specify that RGC could generate the taurine uptake both in vitro and in vivo. GuanidinoEthane Sulfonate in RGC cultures. Interestingly, addition of GES with taurine significantly inverted the protective effect is used by taurine (+59%) on pure RGC cultures. Taurine Reduced RGC Death in NMDA-treated Retinal Explant Taurine was previously shown to prevent the glutamate excitotoxicity in neurons. We therefore discovered if taurine could also defend RGCs from glutamate excitotoxicity. Taurine can therefore partially avoid RGC losses from glutamate excitotoxicity. To determine the taurine could affect RGC existence in vivo, it was supplemented to the drinking water of DBA/2J mouse, a legalized genetic model of pigmentary glaucoma. Indeed, old animals were showing an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) compared to C57BL/6J mice, taken as control. No clear modification of Tau-T immunolabeling was observed in DBA/2J mice as compared to C57BL6/2J in the ganglion cell layer (data not shown). These results show that taurine supplementation partly prevented to the RGC degeneration due to an elevated IOP in DBA2/J mice. Discussion Our previous experiments on vigabatrin-treated animals had suggested that taurine reduction can cause RGC degeneration. Here, we provide evidence to the taurine that can also promote the survival of adult RGCs in a pure and Clean culture. This result demonstrates a direct neuro protective action of taurine on RGCs, which is consistent with the taurine-elicited and resistance to the hypoxia in an preserved RGC cell line. The specific expression of the taurine transported in freshly purified rat RGCs (not cultured) advises that an intracellular mechanism they involved in taurine protective action. This theory was validated here by the loss of taurine neuro protection found in presence of taurine carrier inhibitor in GES. As a reported in the immortalized RGC cell line taurine neuro defence of RGCs could happen by reducing the intracellular calcium levels by preventing the opening of mitochondrial perviousness transition pores. Taurine was also shown to be needed for the translation of mitochondrial DNA. In all our animal tests taurine supplementation increased by the two fold the plasma taurine concentration among although the starting concentration was different in mice and rats. upcoming studies will have to explore how the retinal taurine concentration is related to both this the transporter expression and circulating plasma concentration level in retinal endothelial cells. In humans, taurine supplementation has already been considered for the treatment of the various diseases and no human toxicity or undesirable side effects have been reported even at doses as high as 6 g/day. In fact, low doses (1.5 g/day) were already start to increase more than 2-fold the taurine plasma absorption in human subjects. Conclusion RGCs were isolated from retinae in adult Long-Evans rats (8-week old) with an immune criticizing technique, according to the protocols before described in young rats and adult animals. RNA was take out from freshly purified RGCs (not cultured), liver or kidney, full retina of Long-leaving rats, using the RN easy plus mini kit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France). Reverse transcription were then made using the Super Script II (Invitrogen) incubation firstly at room temperature for 10 min, then at 42°C for 1 hour and finally at 70°C for 15 min in presence of Random Hexamer. Taurine was directed per by its addition into the drinking water for 4 months from 8- to 12–month old in DBA/2J mice, a genetic animal model for pigmentary glaucoma. Immuno staining was performed on cryosections mice or rats eye cups by means of using anti-Brn-3a monoclonal antibody. RGC quantification depend on the POU4F1 (Brn3a) immune labeling because strong association was reported between POU4F1-immunopositive RGCs and retrogradely dye-stained RGCs, as early as 3 weeks and after the initial RGC lesion. In addition, POU4F1-immuno positive RGCs signify the majority of the RGC population (more than 75%) POU4F1/DAPI-positive RGCs were calculated from the whole vertical sections scanned with Digital Pathology System Nanozoomer (Hamamatsu, Massy, France) by 2 independent investigators unaware of the experimental groups. To evaluate the RGC thickness, the RCG numbers was normalized to the length of the retinal section measured with NDP-view software (Hamamatsu). Note: This work is partly presented at 9th International Congress on Nutrition & Health February 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany
Udaipur is one of the Lake city districts Kashmir of Rajasthan having physical area of 1,936 sq km. The region lies between North latitude 30°44’53” to 31°22’01” and East longitude 76°36’10” to 77°15’14” The rural and urban population is 4, 09,362 and 91,195 respectively. The local populations mainly depend on the agriculture for their survival and adopt some traditional practices conducive for farming in sloping lands. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) regularly emerge in middle age after long exposure to an unhealthy lifestyle involving cigarette smoking, obesity, and inactive lifestyle, consumption of diets rich in extremely saturated fats, sugars, and salt ect .This is mostly due to changing demographics and lifestyles of the population. Eighty percent of the NCDs can be prevented by the adopting good lifestyle like physical exercise, balance diet, avoiding use of smoking and alcohol. Overweight and Obesity Obesity has developed a global public health issue. Overweight and obesity are most important risk factors that underlie the emergence of long-lasting diseases. The other intermediate risk factors of chronic diseases high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol levels are closely linked to and determined by the body weight of an separated. Obesity itself is directly associated with the increased risk of a range of health problems like osteoarthritis, but also increases the risk of NCDs like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Overheavy and obesity are defined as abnormal or unnecessary fat accumulation that may impair health. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Along with high blood pressure, smoking and high blood cholesterol levels, obesity is a middle risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) like coronary heart disease and strokes. General, obesity contributes up to 40 % of the risk of hypertension and between 20 % and 30 % of the risk of CVD and hit (James and others, 2004). Obesity is also a danger factor for other cardiovascular events such as cardiac failure, arrhythmias, peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity Overweight and lack of physical action have been consistently associated with increasing the risk of diabetes. Obesity is a major risk factor for non-insulin dependent on the diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also known as type 2 diabetes, and the risk appears to be related both to the period and degree of obesity. Type 2 diabetes, in turn, is a major risk factor for CVD, as are hypertension and dyslipidemia. The association between obesity and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes has been long-established by several long-term studies. Long term follow up has established that the additional risk of developing diabetes may increase 40 fold in women who are overweight as compared to women within the normal range of weight for height. Metabolic and other disorders linked to obesity Obesity is connected to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is considered by an increase in levels of plasma triglycerides and an unhealthy pattern of the plasma cholesterol’s with LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) levels raised and HDL (“good” cholesterol) levels lowered features that have been shown constantly to be related to an increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Discussion The occurrence of non-communicable lifestyle diseases and metabolic condition has shown a rapid increase in developing countries over the past few periods. Results of the study discovered distinct risk factor profiles for both male and female persons and identified poorly controlled lifestyle diseases. The high occurrence of obesity in females is symptomatic of long standing problem of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Overheavy weight and obesity diet, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy high blood pressure, lack of physical activityanfd high cholesterol levels have been described as the main risk factors in non-communicable diseases. The occurrence of prediabetes, diabetes was equivalent in male and females and hypertension was higher in the females than the male individuals owing to stressful living, obesity, lack of physical activity and adoption of significant lifestyle changes different from ancestral indigenous lifestyle. The occurrence of prediabetes, diabetes was equal in male and females and hypertension was the higher in the females than the male individuals owing to stressful obesity, living, lack of physical activity and acceptance of important lifestyle changes different from inherited indigenous lifestyle. The main risk classical factors for the NCDs namely alcohol intake, smoking, unhealthy diet and low physical activity were found to be established in both rural and urban societies. The socio-demographic and economic transition change has a big role in the current rise of non-communicable illnesses in developing countries. Several factors are resulting in the increasing burden of lifestyle disease which includes longer average life span, rising income, increasing tobacco consumption, decreasing physical action and increased consumption of unhealthy food. In Rajasthan, rapid urbanization and globalization mainly donate towards increased number of people suffering from life-style disorders Conclusion The main was the main risk influences for NCDs namely alcohol intake, smoking, unhealthy diet and low physical activity are dominant in both rural and urban societies. There are initiatives to the control the burden of non communicable illnesses in the country. Though, there is need to focus more on primary prevention at the population level targeting interventions to the reduce exposure to tobacco, reduce alcohol intake, promote healthy diets, reduce salt intake and physical activity. The practical the differences in risk factors and prevalence of non-communicable diseases in urban areas could also be clarified by the fact that in urban areas people have more access to advanced processe the foods which are energy thick and or high fat diets than the traditional foods considered by high roughage content. This could both be due to poverty or lack of information and misconceptions also lack of access to healthy food which was means to many are forced to eat what is inexpensively available specially during business hours when outside their homes hence at they increased risk of NCDs. Further community mobilization is needed to the implement prevention plans and reduce and prevent exposure to the non communicable sicknesses risk factors and subsequently reduce the burden of the diseases. Note: This work is partly presented at 9th International Congress on Nutrition & Health February 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany.
BACKGROUND:Several international guidelines recommend the consumption of two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables per day, but their intake is thought to be low worldwide. We aimed to determine the extent to which such low intake is related to availability and affordability. METHODS:We assessed fruit and vegetable consumption using data from country-specific, validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, which enrolled participants from communities in 18 countries between Jan 1, 2003, and Dec 31, 2013. We documented household income data from participants in these communities; we also recorded the diversity and non-sale prices of fruits and vegetables from grocery stores and market places between Jan 1, 2009, and Dec 31, 2013. We determined the cost of fruits and vegetables relative to income per household member. Linear random effects models, adjusting for the clustering of households within communities, were used to assess mean fruit and vegetable intake by their relative cost. FINDINGS:Of 143 305 participants who reported plausible energy intake in the food frequency questionnaire, mean fruit and vegetable intake was 3·76 servings (95% CI 3·66-3·86) per day. Mean daily consumption was 2·14 servings (1·93-2·36) in low-income countries (LICs), 3·17 servings (2·99-3·35) in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), 4·31 servings (4·09-4·53) in upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), and 5·42 servings (5·13-5·71) in high-income countries (HICs). In 130 402 participants who had household income data available, the cost of two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables per day per individual accounted for 51·97% (95% CI 46·06-57·88) of household income in LICs, 18·10% (14·53-21·68) in LMICs, 15·87% (11·51-20·23) in UMICs, and 1·85% (-3·90 to 7·59) in HICs (ptrend=0·0001). In all regions, a higher percentage of income to meet the guidelines was required in rural areas than in urban areas (p<0·0001 for each pairwise comparison). Fruit and vegetable consumption among individuals decreased as the relative cost increased (ptrend=0·00040). INTERPRETATION:The consumption of fruit and vegetables is low worldwide, particularly in LICs, and this is associated with low affordability. Policies worldwide should enhance the availability and affordability of fruits and vegetables. FUNDING:Population Health Research Institute, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario, AstraZeneca (Canada), Sanofi-Aventis (France and Canada), Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany and Canada), Servier, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, King Pharma, and national or local organisations in participating countries.
Pakistan is an emerging country ranked as the six crowded country in the world with a significant part of its population suffering from to hearing impairment beset with late identification to hearing loss (HL) more often seen in the age group of 19-24 months 48% equalled to 22% at 0-6 months. This is compounded by a fragile health care system which is not responsive enough to address the health problems of the people let alone pledge curative or management of the programs for hearing impaired children. The same has been point out by the Tucci D et al. in their study and determined that “high prevalence of HL in developing world was due to a variety of factors, including lack of widespread inclusive immunization programs and medical care, and inadequate funds for intervention once HL is identified” Neonatal hearing screening (NHS) is a public health care initiative to identify and detect infants born with the impaired hearing from birth to one month of age to identify the new borns with hearing loss. The purpose of NHS of new borns is to notice infants consuming hearing loss (HL) so as to appreciably bring down to the age of identification of HL in children for intervention to take place by six months of age in order to the provide better speech language development, education and quality of life 4 NHS is known in industrialized countries. However, different barriers have played negative role to stop the introduction and success of the programs in low and central income countries. METHODS This examining descriptive study was employed to purposive sampling technique and qualitative parameters was conducted in the Islamabad over a period of 18 months from June 2015 to January 2017 and following approval of institutional research ethics committee. This was done as brand new hearing screening is required at the national level and for this policy needs to be expressed for enactment of legislature. Stake holders of the disability policy and the others were excluded from the study meanwhile disability policy concerns with the children in future years, when hearing and speech disability has manifested. Meeting guide was developed and tested with the policy maker bureaucrat (civil servant) to determine and how discussion was led by the formulated queries in the interview guide. It contained easily comprehendible queries with the flow modified and the rearranged in a sequence including policy cover, legislative cover, fiscal resources, NHS in Pakistan ,linkage between external donor agencies and health care programs and awareness through social network and health. Further, the probes of each domain were built in to the related sections of the interview guide, which served to the steer the discussion into the domain areas without leading the respondents. RESULTS The thematic analysis of the data collected during in depth interviews with the policy makers revealed the themes that emerged within each domain of NHS and the fences to NHS. The outcomes drawn from the thematic analysis were Planning, Governing, Awareness, Funding, Size building (medical and technical), Administration, Policy development including Legislature Evaluation and Sustainability; The themes and connections of these themes to the emerging characteristics in the interviews. DISCUSSION Thematic analysis conducted to explore the Barriers and Priorities accorded to the neo-natal range screening at the government health policy level in the current study was consistent with other studies. In the current study, targeting the health policy makers, they discoursed that in Pakistan on account was non-availability of funds for NHS complemented by following remedial and restoration program, NHS programs are the unlikely to see the light of the day. It was worried repeatedly by the health policy makers that in order to the market NHS the media awareness needs to be create which is only possible through the sensationalizing the negative influence of HI on society on the pattern of how external donor activities were sponsoring campaigns for the communicable and non-communicable diseases like Dengue, Polio and Hepatitis and AIDs. In an Indian study by Baxipatra D, one block was identified as disability unresponsive attitude of the society and therefore the Laws and regulations however stringent can accomplish little unless there is a perceptible shift in the outlook of the public to the HI population unless if the media through its power of sensationalism and glamour makes a conducive atmosphere for NHS legislation by the positively influencing policy makers or legislators. The absence of UNHS in Pakistan can be partially be credited to the lack of interest on the part of the policy makers leading to non enactment of legislature in this particular field. Except for the area of Sindh, the central governments and the other3 provinces have not legislated on NHS. In the USA as of 2012, 44 states have been passed legislation related to the NHS. A lack of integrated, holistic, national based on method to NHS coupled with the limited outreach of the healthcare structure and low occurrence of hospital births aggravates the fragile health care system. CONCLUSION Lack of awareness about the lifelong social and the financial impact of HI to an individual remains a difficult policy level barrier to the introduction of NHS in Pakistan and loom in the shape of the dire lack of financial resources or allocation by the central government towards the health sector impacting upon initiation of NHS programs. Furthermore lack of availability to updated and reliable data as to the amount of persons suffering from HI from birth is a stimulating policy level the barrier as is also the dearth of research on prevalence and the economic fallout of HI. Policy makers are not sensitized to characteristic the costs borne by a HI person from the birth and incurred in case of subsidies extended by the state. One evident barrier to priority accorded to the NHS at governmental health policy level is that HI unfortunately remains an invisible disability, needful a media blitz and the ensuing commotion of peripheral benefits accruing from the international health donor organizations. Note: Joint Event on Global Public Health Congress & Annual Congress on Nutrition & Healthcare October 18-20, 2018 Paris, France
African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum), an original plant is an eatable tropical fruit, which is categorized as a wild plant and belong to the family Sapotaceae. fruit which is known as “Agbalumo” by the Yorubas and the Igbos call it “Udara” is periodic and glaborous when ripe, ovoid to subglobose, pointed at the apex and up to 6centimetres long and 5cm in diameter.This fruit skin or peel is orange to golden yellow when ripe and pulp within the skin may be orange, pinkish, bricked or light yellow .The fruit grows naturally in the forestry habitat of parts of Africa covering from Sierra-Leone through Guinea, Sudan to East African Countries such as Kenya, Uganda. It is spread in all forest types in Southern Nigerian and also in compounds and outlaying farms in most villages, in parts of South Western Nigeria. The tree mostly flowers between the months of April and June and fruits between December and March Fruits generally are not only consumed fresh but also used to produce jam, stewed fruit, jellies, marmalade, syrup and numerous types of soft drinks. It is also used for medical purposes. The seed and leaves in pharmaceuticals. Some of the trees are also valuable for decoration as an ever green broadleaf plant (Islam, 2002). Chemical Analysis They fruits were separated into two shares .One portion was used for the determination of the moisture and ascorbic acid contents. The other portion was dry in hot air mixing oven at 650C to a constant weight for (18-24h).The dried samples were ground into powder using an electric mixer with steel edges and stored in screw covered containers at 4-6 o C. Proximate composition was determined by standarde procedures (AOAC, 2000). The energy value was considered using the water factors of 4, 9, and 4 for protein, fat and carbohydrate respectively. Total alkaloids was determined by the spectrophotometric method of Shamsa et al. (2008) whereas saponin composition was estimated using the gravimetric method. The Total Soluble Solids (TSS) for the pulp was determined in Degree Brix using a hand Refractometer (Alago, Tokyo model Leica 10431) with a scale of 0-50 degree Brix. This anthrone method as modified by Kumar et al.(2012) was used with glucose average curve serving to estimate the absorption of total sugar in the sample. Titratable acidity was a determined by titration to pH 8.1 with 0.1 M NaOH solution and calculated as grams of citric acid per 100 g of sample (AOAC, 2000). The Total Soluble Solids (TSS) for the tissue was resolute in Degree Brix using a hand Refractometer with a scale of 0-50 degree Brix. The colorimetric process of AOAC (2000) process was approved by which measures the absorbance of 620nm of the colour that results from the reaction between vitamin A and SbCl3 . DISCUSSION The pulp had considerable concentrations of some minerals. High absorption of potassium (346.17mg/100g) and a lower level of iron (2.90mg/100g) were observed in the pulp. This agreement with the report of Adepoju (2009) who asserted that C. albidum fruit pulp was in heightiest in potassium, calcium, and zinc, phosphorus, manganese and copper. The Chrysophyllum albidum variations can be good source of potassium, phosphorus and calcium which are required for electrolyte balance, development of strong bones and teeth .Anti-nutrients such as phytate and oxalate were found to be the low in the pulp of the seed. However saponin was found to be quite high (9.38g/100g). Adepoju and Adeniji (2012) had former reported a phytate range of for some Chrysophyllum varieties which were however lower than that observed in this study. The fruit pulp of Chrysophyllum albidum can be invented to contain low levels of some anti-nutritional factors like phytate and oxalate, and consequently the adverse effects of these antinutrients would be minimal upon the comsumption of large quantity of the fruit. The fruit limit higher amount of phytonutrients like flavonoids which has been known to play the key role of antioxidant that aid in the searching of the free radicals. Hence, the fruit pulp could be considered to be very nutritious (Takruri and Dameh, 1998), and its consumption should be encouraged. Vitamin C is highly complex to a lot of conditions such as heat, light, oxygen, pH. This education shows that the African Star Apple has an average value of 40mg/100g which is advanced than the 12mg/100g testified by Dauda (2014) for Chrysophyllum juice. Vitamin A is known to serve as an antioxidant, possesses an anti-aging activit and enhance good vision. That the pulp is ironic in vitamin A (246.33mg/100g) is a good quality of the African Star Apple. CONCLUSION: Consumption of African star apple is encouraged Note: This work is partly presented at 9th International Congress on Nutrition & Health February 20-21, 2017 Berlin, Germany.
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in children is considered by bowel dilation, abdominal pain, and bowel failure, leading to opposite growth and advance. In most cases abdominal pseudo-obstruction is considered to be chronic condition (CIPO), and treatment is parenteral nutrition. The CIPO diagnosis is suspected to be incorrect in anecdotic cases of resolution. The intestinal morphology in pseudo-obstruction is under revision, and is currently descriptive and quantitative rather than diagnostic, but it is traditionally disconnected into neuropathies, myopathies, or combinations of them. The aim of this report is to present a well-documented case of resolving infant intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Patient The boy F.M. was born at period (40 weeks) after a normal pregnancy, birth weight 3450 g and birth length 50 cm. He stood the first child of a strong mother, and he was breastfed start with spontaneous passing of meconium within the first 36 h after birth. His first six weeks in life were normal, after which he developed progressive chapters of vomiting several times a day and abdominal swelling. He had pain and his stools were alternately hard or wet. A regime with a milk-free formula was tried for two months without any development of his symptoms. He was then referred as the section of pediatric surgery at our university hospital at five months of stage due to failure to prosper. A plain radiograph of the abdomen exposed massive bowel dilatation and a contrast enema suggested Hirschsprung's ailment with a transition zone located to sigmoid colon. However, the following rectal pressure biopsies confirmed presence of ganglion cells and absence of nerve hypertrophy. Exhibiting all signs of bowel obstruction, he was subjected to semi-emergent explorative laparotomy at 5 months of age. Histopathology Pathologist's report on the full width biopsies stated fibrosing myopathy, most pronounced in the slight bowel, interstitial Canal cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and signs of limited neuron degeneration in both the large and small bowel. There were more mast cells in the fibrosis between muscles films in the small bowel, but there were no signs of inflammation. The mucosa and submucosa were regular in all biopsies. Metabolic balance At 1.5 years, a metabolic balance education was done because of poor growth. Among blood tests, concentrations of e.g. hemoglobin, platelets leukocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, bilirubin, sodium, potassium, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and thyroid stimulating hormone and acid-base-balance, were measured. Urine and faeces were composed during three days for analysis of potassium, sodium, and chloride as well as fecal fatty acids and trace elements. The mother reserved a diary over his oral food intake, and the dietician calculates to intake of calories. The basal metabolic rate was measured in a Deltatrac device with a pediatric mixing respirometer. The boy's total energy intake and it loss per day and calculated lower and higher, respectively, compared to those expected at his age. The dietician improved his oral energy intake, and a new HPN was composed. The lipid emulsion was changed to a structured mixture of MCT/LCT supplemented with carnitine. The boy's oral intakes continue to be poor, but after 6 months he had grown 6 cm in height and increased 3 kg in weightiness. Management He was therapeutic with oral ranitidine, 60 mg daily ursodeoxycholic acid, 50 mg 3 times daily and vein metronidazole (20 mg/kg) as a monthly bolus to reduce enteral bacterial overgrowth. He was vaccinated against pneumococci. biochemical and Haematological parameters were usual apart from constantly low leukocyte counts, which were further reduce by frequent episodes of viral infections and some bacterial septicaemias and a bone marrow surgery showed a slightly reactive marrow. Note: This work is partly presented at 19th International Congress on Nutrition & Health April 12-14, 2018 | Amsterdam, Netherlands
Abstract: The prevalence of low vitamin D ranked to increasing globally and Lebanon is not spared. The objectives of this study are to be determining the prevalence and associates at low vitamin D status, and to assess to the association between percent body fat and vitamin D status independently of obesity. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed on NDU employees. Data on dietary intake, lifestyle, physical activity, health status, and demographic variables were collected during a face to face interview. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and waist circumference) were measured and body arrangement was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) machine In Body 720 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea). The Nutritionist Pro diet analysis software version 31.0 was used to estimate the dietary intake of vitamin D. Study design and recruitment method It Startes in October 2016, an e-invite was sent to all staff and faculty members of NDU to invite them to participate in the study. Following the e-invite, 4 nutritionists visited all faculty and staff members in their workplaces to inspire participation. Of the 600 contacted employees in the 3 NDU campuses, 360 accepted to participate and were separated for eligibility. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, failure to complete the questionnaires, lactation and presence of a pacemaker or metallic pieces in the participant’s body. Those who were found to be the eligible (n = 344) were asked to sign an informed agreement form and then contacted by the study detectives to arrange for a 30-min face of face interview. An ID number was assigned to each participant. All questionnaires were labelled by using codes. These investigators maintained the list associating names with the codes and were in charge of keeping it confidential. Data collection procedures During the 30min face to face meeting, trained nutritionists filled out 3 questionnaires (background questionnaire, short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire [IPAQ-short form] and food frequency questionnaire .All questionnaires were pre-tested using a example of 30 NDU employees in the three campuses. For each food item, participants were asked to the mark their incidence of intake of a designated serving/portion size per day/week/month or rarely/never during the past year. The FFQ included full-fat/low-fat dairy products, eggs and egg-based dishes, fish, margarine, cheeses, and ice cream. Nutritional intake of vitamin D was assessed using an adapted version of an existing prototype food frequency questionnaire specific for assessment of vitamin D intake that was developed by the study investigators The Nutritionist was Pro diet analysis software, version 31.0 was used to generate and estimates of dietary intake of vitamin D. Lebanese dishes and recipes were composed and entered using this software according to the iddle-East Food Composition Tables and the Canadian Nutrient File. At the end of the interview the study participants were invited to the nutrition research laboratory to collect the anthropometric (height, WC, weight and body composition) and biochemical measurements after the overnight fast. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm according to the following protocol: no shoes, heels together and head touching the stadiometer’s ruler associated in horizontally. Discussion Low vitamin D status has become a major problem for the worldwide, even in sunny countries like Lebanon. The occurrence of low vitamin D status reported in our study (60%) was in line with the prevalence rates reported in bordering countries ranging from 57.6% in Tehran to up to 91% in Morocco. The range of occurrence rates varied among the studies due to the different study populations, education levels, season, age, BMI, body composition, gender, and cut offs for vitamin D status. The association between alcohol vitamin D and intake status was observed in women only this has been before reported in the literature. In our sample women who drank alcohol had a higher occurrence of sufficient vitamin D status compared to the non drinkers. The relationship between liquor intake and vitamin D status is not well understood and results are the still inconclusive. It is likely that this relationship is affected by the confounders especially that alcohol intake was not associated with the vitamin D status in multivariable analyses. The present study has some limits that need to be acknowledged. First the study was design cross sectional, which does not allow drawing causal relationships between vitamin D status and measures of adiposity. To our knowledge, it is the first study in Lebanon to assess the association between body composition and vitamin D status mean while controlling for BMI and other important confounders. Conclusion Our results support our hypothesis confirming that PBF is positively associated with low vitamin D status independent of BMI in our sample of university staffs. Accordingly education about the importance of consuming high bases of vitamin D is primordial, particularly since living in sunlight country might undermine to the need to focus on diet, as Lebanese might believe that sun exposure is sufficient to maintain healthy vitamin D status. further, this study was reinforces to the need for regular screening for low vitamin D status in the Lebanese adults mainly among individuals at risk, including those with high risk WC, high PBF, who work indoors, and have low vitamin D intake and recommending vitamin D supplementation if needed. As low vitamin D status has been recently associated the with many chronic diseases, a nationwide assessment of vitamin D status is required among the different age and gender groups across different seasons to identify the whether the government needs to consider the protection of milk at the national level. Furthermore cohort studies examining the association between body fat and vitamin D are needed to the address the temporal relationship with the vitamin D status. Note: 14th International Conference on Clinical Nutrition July 27-29, 2017 Rome, Italy
This study was conducted to compare static and dynamic stretching on lower extremities of Adama Science and Technology University GC Cup players. A total of 32 participants were involved for this particular study. Subjects were selected based on the sport they are participating, which is more specifically useful for football players. Randomly 2 members were taken as a one group from the total population. From each group, one subject was performing the static stretching and the other subject was performing the dynamic stretching as part of the warm-up. A paired t-test its level of significance set at 0.05 alpha, was used to compare the static and dynamic stretching groups to realize the lower extremities of players. As the result of paired sample test analysis, the p-value is less than 0.05 which is possible to say the group do have in reality differ [t(-7.50), df = 15 and p=.0001). Essentially, as the result of the study players’ vertical jump performance after the two stretching warming ups was significantly different. In conclusion, dynamic stretching had a positive impact on lower extremity muscle performance and had the potential to be more effective as a warm-up when compared to static stretching.
The degree of misclassification of obesity and undernutrition among elders owing to inaccurate height measurements is investigated using height predicted by knee height (KH) and demispan equations. Cross-sectional investigation was done among a random heterogeneous sample from five municipalities in Southern Sweden from a general population study ‘Good Aging in Skåne’ (GÅS). The sample comprised two groups: group 1 (KH) including 2839 GÅS baseline participants aged 60–93 years with a valid KH measurement and group 2 (demispan) including 2871 GÅS follow-up examination participants (1573 baseline; 1298 new), aged 60–99 years, with a valid demispan measurement. Participation rate was 80%. Height, weight, KH and demispan were measured. KH and demispan equations were formulated using linear regression analysis among participants aged 60–64 years as reference. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated in kg/m2. Undernutrition prevalences in men and women were 3.9 and 8.6% by KH, compared with 2.4 and 5.4% by standard BMI, and more pronounced for all women aged 85+ years (21% vs 11.3%). The corresponding value in women aged 85+ years by demispan was 16.5% vs 10% by standard BMI. Obesity prevalences in men and women were 17.5 and 14.6% by KH, compared with 19.0 and 20.03% by standard BMI. Values among women aged 85+ years were 3.7% vs 10.4% by KH and 6.5% vs 12.7% by demispan compared with the standard. There is an age-related misclassification of undernutrition and obesity attributed to inaccurate height estimation among the elderly. This could affect the management of patients at true risk. We therefore propose using KH- and demispan-based formulae to address this issue.
Background: An ankle sprain is a very common sport-related injury and can reduce participation in sports and employment. It can also create further complications in the function of the joint. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of different functional treatments and to ascertain which functional treatment is the most effective method for acute ankle sprains. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: The design of this systematic review was developed in accordance with PRISMA-P 2015 statement and performed according to its guidelines. A computerized literature search was performed from PubMed Central, MEDLINE via OVID and Cochrane library. Randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies, published within a ten-year period (2007 to 2017), in peer-reviewed journals, with full-text articles and written in English were included in this study. Any type of functional treatments being applied to treat acute ankle sprains were considered as an intervention and only adult participants were included in this review. Surgical methods, unpublished trials, not written in the English language or not experimental research were excluded. Results: From the pooled data of this review, the stocking was more effective at improving pain, swelling, functional outcomes, range of motion, and return to sport/work, and had higher patient satisfaction than the bandage. There was no evidence that the taping and lace-up brace were more effective than other functional interventions in the treatment of acute ankle sprains. Furthermore, the prevalence of complications was greatest for the taping and lace-up brace interventions. The semi-rigid or posterior rigid support group had a better functional recovery and higher patient satisfaction, but some complications were present. Conclusion: The semi-rigid or posterior rigid support group and stocking were the most effective functional interventions for acute ankle sprain treatment. What is known about this subject: The functional treatments are becoming popular due to being effective, inexpensive and simplistic to apply. Different types of functional interventions have been used according to the choice of clinicians and patients in the treatment of ankle sprains. According to the previous researches, semi-rigid support, ankle braces, bandage and lace-up supports have greater advantages than other functional treatments from different perspectives (Example. the elastic bandage had a slower recovery rate than semi-rigid brace but less complications than taping, the lace-up support was better in swelling management than other functional treatments). What this study adds to existing knowledge: This study found that the stocking is an effective treatment for managing acute ankle sprains. It is valuable for the patient because the cost of the stocking is considerably cheaper than other functional treatments and it is very easy to wear. Some popular functional treatments like lace-up support; taping and semi-rigid braces were shown to have some complications.
