Introduction: Cortisol, the primary glucocorticoid in humans, is a well-established biomarker of psychological stress and anxiety. Because oral lichen planus (OLP) can develop or worsen during periods of heightened stress, salivary cortisol has been investigated as a potential indicator of disease activity. This review aimed to assess salivary cortisol concentrations in individuals with OLP compared with healthy controls. Salivary cortisol provides a noninvasive measure of biologically active free cortisol and reflects acute and chronic stress responses. As OLP is a chronic immune-mediated mucosal disorder with a recognized psychosomatic component, evaluating salivary cortisol may help clarify the role of stress in its onset, persistence, and severity. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar was conducted for English-language studies published from May 2004 to May 2024. Both MeSH terms and text words related to OLP and salivary cortisol were used. After screening and eligibility assessment, observational studies comparing salivary cortisol levels in OLP patients with healthy controls were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 1028 participants. Across the included studies, OLP patients consistently demonstrated higher salivary cortisol levels than controls. Most studies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reported significant between-group differences, supporting an association between elevated cortisol and OLP. Similar trends were observed in studies using other immunoassay techniques. Conclusion: The available evidence indicates that OLP is frequently associated with elevated salivary cortisol levels, underscoring the influence of psychological stress on disease expression. Supportive psychological interventions, when used alongside conventional therapy, may help improve stress regulation and overall patient outcomes.
Introduction: Periodontal disease is a prevalent oral health issue that leads to the deterioration of periodontal tissues, ultimately resulting in tooth loss. Periodontal regeneration techniques, such as guided tissue regeneration (GTR), have gained enormous attention for their potentiality to restore damaged periodontal tissues. In this study, fabricated alginate hydrogel membranes with silica and magnesium nanoparticles are proposed to enhance the hemostasis as well as mimics the periodontal regeneration. Materials and Methods: Sodium alginate (3%) polymeric solution was prepared. In the prepared polymer solution, silica (100 mg) and magnesium (100 mg) were suspended, respectively. Then, subsequently, metal oxide (Si and Mg) was included in the polymeric matrix and blended well for appropriate mixing. Further, these alginate polymers were cross-linked with calcium chloride to fabricate metal nanoparticulates infused alginate membranes. Results: The results of this study demonstrate the successful fabrication of polymeric hydrogel membranes reinforced with silica and magnesium. Crystalline properties (SiO 2 and MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , as well as Mg-oxalate) authenticate the formation of nanoparticles with the relevant morphological features. The combination of silica and magnesium particles in the membrane showed elevated blood compatibility with hemostatic properties. Conclusion: In conclusion, silica and magnesium-reinforced polymeric hydrogel membranes show promising results for compatibility and hemostasis, which supports GTR in periodontal therapy. These membranes have the potentiality to improve the outcomes of periodontal defect treatments and contribute to the advancement of regenerative dentistry. Silica is a component of the extracellular matrix, and both silica and magnesium are involved in the synthesis of collagen that supports for wound healing. Hemostatic material demand in periodontal treatment is essential and also plays a pivotal role to control bleeding as well as in regeneration.
Introduction: An elevated demand for glycolysis and increased uptake of glucose is observed in various cancers. This leads to the upregulation of glucose transporters, especially glucose transporter (GLUT)-1. Numerous studies have been done to evaluate the prognostic role of GLUT-1 in various malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Several research studies have explored the relationship between GLUT-1 expression and oral cancer prognosis, with diverse findings. Thus, this meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the link between GLUT-1 and survival outcomes in OSCC. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically searched to identify eligible studies. A total of 15 studies with 1105 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quantitative synthesis was done for seven of these studies. Results: Our pooled results identified that increased expression of GLUT-1 was associated with unfavorable overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.82–3.55, P < 0.00001). Furthermore, overexpression of GLUT-1 was linked with a higher rate of recurrence (RR, 3.98; 95% CI: 2.19–7.22; P < 0.00001) and positive lymph node metastasis (RR, 6.99; 95% CI: 3.11–15.74; P < 0.00001). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that GLUT-1 may serve as a prognostic biomarker in OSCC and aid in early and appropriate plans of treatment.
Introduction: Dentistry is primarily a skill-based discipline where procedural capability is emphasised during both education and professional practice. Despite the curriculum outlining various competencies for dental graduates, a significant gap exists between academic training and practical application, often leaving new graduates feeling underprepared for independent practice. The research aims to identify practice gaps between undergraduate dental education and professional practice by assessing specific areas, that is, knowledge, skills and practice. The study also explores how these gaps contribute to a perceived lack of readiness to practice independently. Materials and Methods : The study was conducted from February 2023 to July 2023 at the Dental Unit 1, Department of Dental and Oral Surgery, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focusing on their perceived gaps in knowledge, skills and practice. Thematic analysis identified key aspects of the theory–practice gap in dental education. Results: Ten qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken. It revealed the existence of a theory–practice gap in multiple domains. Key themes were the following: (1) the existence of a theory–practice gap in dentistry, (2) its impact on practice preparedness, (3) the role of curriculum integration in closing the theory–practice gaps, (4) the influence of a preceptor and role model in dentistry, (5) the significance of direct supervision in clinical procedures and (6) relationship between patient safety and the theory–practice gap. Conclusion: The study identified clear theory–practice gaps in dental education, which is reflected in the unpreparedness of new graduates for independent practice. Addressing these gaps requires curriculum reforms, increased opportunities for hands-on experience and the implementation of structured mentorship programs to bridge the gap between education and practice.
Introduction: Oral cancer is a major health issue in India. Oral cancers are often preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders like leukoplakia. The objective of the study was to identify unique salivary volatile organic compound patterns in the oral carcinogenesis process. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was designed with study groups comprising Group 1: oral squamous cell carcinoma patients (n = 12), Group 2: oral leukoplakia with high-grade dysplasia (n = 12), and healthy controls (n = 24). Unstimulated saliva was collected, and volatile organic compounds were extracted using Zeolite Socony Mobil and polydimethylsiloxane hybrid film and qualitatively analysed using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry. The qualitative identification of volatile organic compounds was done using a mass spectrum library search program. Comparisons between the groups were done by the chi-square test. Results: We were able to identify 178 volatile organic compounds in our study and control groups. There were ten compounds showing significant associations with the oral carcinogenesis process. The prevalence of compounds like 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, butanoic acid, 2-methyl propanoic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, propylene glycol, and 4-methyl-pentanoic acid was higher in both study groups compared to the control. Volatile organic compounds with increased prevalence among leukoplakia patients were acetoin, phenol, mercaptoacetic acid, and 2-hydroxy gamma butyrolactone. Conclusion: The salivary volatile organic compounds showed characteristic patterns in patients with oral cancer and leukoplakia, reflecting the cellular alterations of oral carcinogenesis. The study also revealed a unique set of volatile organic compounds with increased prevalence only in leukoplakias with high-grade dysplasia.
Introduction: Composite resins are one of the most commonly used tooth-colored aesthetic restorative materials, which may undergo surface degradation when exposed to oral conditions, leading to significantly altered physical and mechanical properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate surface degradation of posterior restorative nanocomposites following aging with simulated oral conditions on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation. Materials and Methods: For the present in-vitro study, five single shade resin composites were selected, while they were subjected to surface roughness analysis and evaluation of morphological surface characteristics after immersion into various food-simulating liquids (FSLs) using SEM evaluation. Results: SureFil (SDR Flow+) revealed maximum surface roughness values in all cases when subjected to aging procedure using air (control group) (0.045 ± 0.004 µm), distilled water (0.058 ± 0.006 µm), 50% ethanol (0.078 ± 0.007 µm), and 0.02 normality (0.02 N) citric acid (0.064 ± 0.007 µm). Again, Filtek Z350 XT revealed the least surface roughness values when subjected to aging procedure using air (0.031 ± 0.004 µm), while Clearfil Majesty Posterior revealed the least surface roughness values in all other cases when subjected to aging procedure using distilled water (0.036 ± 0.005 µm), ethanol (0.031 ± 0.004 µm), and 0.02 normality (0.02 N) citric acid (0.038 ± 0.005 µm). Conclusions: Posterior restorative nanocomposites are constantly exposed to different food environments in the actual in-vivo conditions, which may severely affect their surface characteristics. Considering the given facts and the in-vitro nature of the present study, further research is mandated to investigate the changes in the properties of these materials under different storage environments and temperatures to come to valid conclusions.
Introduction: Bones can withstand decomposition for a very long time; thus, forensic scientists may find that the bone is useful in medico-legal instances involving person identification. Since burn victims may have severely distorted skulls and other bones, it has been observed that the maxillary sinuses remain perfect. As a result, forensic experts can use the maxillary sinuses to discriminate between different types of evidence in assessing whether or not maxillary sinuses accurately predict a person’s gender. To determine the gender based on maxillary sinus dimensions. Materials and Methods: Bilateral maxillary sinus images were acquired for 80 patients and different parameters were measured and evaluated. Mean and standard deviation of both sinus measurements were calculated and compared. Results: Comparison between male and female groups showed statistically insignificant differences on both the right and left sides with respect to the maxillary sinus length, height, area and distance between two sinuses. Conclusion: The maxillary sinus measurements are valuable guide for sex determination with relatively good accuracy rate. In forensic medicine, gender determination is a crucial stage in the identification process. CT scan measures of the maxillary sinus may be helpful in forensic sciences to facilitate sex determination. However, with a relatively low-accuracy rate. When the entire skeleton is unavailable, the height, width, and length of the maxillary sinuses, along with other bones, can be utilized to determine gender.
Introduction: Functionally graded designs have been explored in dental ceramics to reduce stress concentrations in layered dental ceramics and enhance their mechanical properties. Materials and Methods: Varying wt.% of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (20, 35, 50 wt.% YSZ) in fluormica glass systems were processed and their elastic moduli were determined using nano-indentation. A three-layered functionally graded design (20, 35, and 50 wt.% of YSZ in glass for the bottom, middle, and top layer respectively) was designed. The graded designs were further differentiated as layers with uniform and non-uniform thickness. Three-dimensional geometric models of graded, 10-layered functionally graded, bilayered, and monolithic ceramic designs as controls were constructed (ANSYS Version 15.0) for a 2mm thickness of crown over 8 mm of dentin substrate. Plain strain models were built with solid elements (hex8) of element type SOLID 45 of size 0.2mm. Constraints were placed at the inferior border of the substrate with a load of 600 N in the middle of the top layer. Results: Higher maximum principal stress values were observed in 10-layered FGM designs than in bi-layered, monolithic, and experimental designs. In the experimental design, both uniform thickness of 0.6 mm for each layer and non-uniform thickness design combinations showed the least stress values. There was effect of elastic modulus and no significant effect by the uniformity of layers due to similar stress values between the experimental designs. Conclusions: Graded designs irrespective of the layer thickness, dissipate stress and thus, have the potential to reduce structural failures in dental ceramic systems.
Introduction: Candida albicans is a fungal infection, 50% of which affect the oral cavity. Fig fruit has several antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties, yet it is one of the least used fruits for medicinal purposes. The current study was conducted on fig fruit to evaluate the efficacy and uses of its antifungal properties against the C. albicans. Materials and Methods: Shade-dried fig fruit powder was used. The fig fruit extract sample was obtained using a Soxhlet equipment with 300 mL of ethanol over a period of 10 hours. Stock cultures were maintained at 4°C on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) slants, and the SDA medium was poured into the Petri plates. Amphotericin B was used as the positive control. Result: The results showed zones of inhibition of 30 mm at 1000 μg/mL, 25 mm at 750 μg/mL, and 13 mm at 500 μg/mL. The study showed that the fig fruit extract possesses antifungal properties against C. albicans. Conclusion: Fig fruit extract can be used as a potent antifungal agent against C. albicans.
Introduction: Dental plaque and gingivitis are prevalent concerns in pediatric populations. This multicentric randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of two fluoridated toothpastes, one experimental (Dentoshine) and one commercially available tooth paste among children aged 6–12 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the experimental or control group. Clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), were recorded at baseline, first follow-up, second follow-up, and third follow-up. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: Participant distribution was comparable across genders and age groups. Both toothpaste formulations showed significant reductions in plaque and gingival scores over time. In the experimental group, repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant decrease in PI scores (F = 53.695, P = 0.001), with the most substantial reduction between baseline and the third follow-up (mean difference = 0.874, P < 0.001). Similarly, the control group showed significant plaque reduction (F = 55.82, P = 0.000). GI scores also improved significantly in both groups, with the Dentoshine toothpaste showing a greater decline (F = 81.431, P < 0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed that improvements were statistically significant from the second follow-up onward. Conclusion: Both fluoridated toothpaste formulations were effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis with regular use. However, the Dentoshine toothpaste demonstrated slightly superior performance in long-term plaque and gingival health outcomes among children.
Introduction: Treatment strategies for Class II malocclusion include functional appliance therapy, camouflage treatment involving extractions, or orthognathic surgery. Functional appliances such as the Twin Block are most effective in growing patients, as they leverage residual mandibular growth to posture the mandible forward, enhancing skeletal correction and airway dimensions. Patients with Class II malocclusion may present with a narrow airway due to the retrognathic positioning of the mandible. This retrospective cephalometric study compared the effects of functional appliance and camouflage therapy on the pharyngeal airway in patients exhibiting Class II division 1 malocclusion. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study comprised 40 pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of patients treated with functional appliance and extraction therapy, obtained from the records database of patients who underwent orthodontic treatment in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Three linear pharyngeal airway parameters were taken, according to the measurements taken by Ozbek et al.: upper, middle, and lower pharyngeal width. Results: Functional appliance therapy demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the upper and middle airway dimensions between groups, whereas extraction therapy showed post-treatment reductions in the upper and lower airway dimensions within the group.Conclusions The findings underscore that functional appliances positively influence airway dimensions, particularly benefiting growing patients. It promotes forward mandibular positioning, contributing to improved airway patency and potentially mitigating risks of airway-related dysfunctions.
Introduction: The sjTREC (signal joint T-cell receptor excision circle) gene, also known as the T-cell receptor excision circle (TRECs), is a biomarker for estimating age by measuring the number of TRECs in the blood or body fluids. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on dental pulp samples from 90 teeth, which were divided into three groups: Group 1 (3–14 years), Group 2 (15–54 years), and Group 3 (55–78 years). DNA was extracted using the Nucleospin tissue isolation method, and real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine the concentration of the sjTREC gene. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 24. ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to compare mean Ct (Ct = Threshold cycle) differences between age groups and logistic regression. ROC curve analysis established a cutoff Ct value to predict age group, and descriptive statistics for Ct values were presented for each age group. Results: DNA was successfully extracted from 90 dental pulp samples, and sjTREC was quantified. The results showed a significant decrease in sjTREC levels with increasing age. ANOVA confirmed significant differences in mean Ct sjTREC levels between the age groups. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between age and Ct sjTREC levels, resulting in the following formula: Y = −52.793 + 3.253 × Ct sjTREC. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that dental pulp can be used for age estimation, which is potentially useful in forensic scenarios where age is unknown.
Introduction: In forensic odontology, identifying potential links between dental dimensions and body size is crucial. While prior studies have examined tooth morphology and stature, limited research has explored the correlation between body build (somatotype) and dental arch parameters. This study aimed to assess the relationship between an individual’s body build and maxillary inter-premolar and inter-molar arch widths to determine their forensic applicability. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oral Pathology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India. Materials and Methods: The study included 153 individuals aged 18–25 years. Dental impressions were taken, and study models were prepared to measure inter-premolar and inter-molar arch widths using a digital vernier caliper. Body build was assessed using the Health–Carter somatotype technique. Principal component analysis was performed to evaluate correlations between odontometric parameters and body build measurements. Results: The analysis revealed no statistically significant correlation between body build and inter-arch measurements. This suggests that odontometric parameters cannot reliably estimate body build in forensic investigations. However, variations in measurements across individuals highlight the need for further research. Conclusions: While no significant association was observed, the study underscores the importance of expanding research in forensic odontology. A more extensive study with larger sample sizes and diverse populations may provide conclusive insights into the potential forensic utility of odontometric measurements.
Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by specific pathogenic bacteria and is characterized by persistent inflammation, connective tissue breakdown alveolar bone destruction. An early cytokine that is amplified by the host response is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The ubiquitous and highly conserved iron-binding protein is ferritin. TNF-α, along with some other proinflammatory cytokines, induces the H chain of ferritin transcriptionally, leading to a pathway that regulates ferritin by inflammation. The aim of the present study was to correlate serum ferritin and TNF-α levels in Stage II Grade A periodontitis patients before and after periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two subjects diagnosed with Stage II Grade A periodontitis aged between 25 and 60 years were enrolled in the study. Clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and hematological parameters like ferritin and TNF-α were assessed at the initial visit and after 3 months. Results: Statistically significant reduction between GI, PI, PPD, CAL, serum ferritin, and TNF-α levels between baseline and at the end of 3 months with p value 0.0001* at 5% level of significance. Conclusion: Serum Ferritin levels were increased along with TNF-α levels in periodontitis patients, and there was a statistically significant reduction in serum ferritin levels and TNF-α levels with resolution of periodontal disease after periodontal therapy.
Introduction: Oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders require early and accurate detection for timely intervention and management. Cytological techniques, including liquid-based cytology (LBC) and conventional cytology (CC), play a crucial role in diagnosing these conditions. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of LBC and CC using the modified CytoBrush® by evaluating the distribution of stained cells, the quality of stain, and the number of cells present. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 individuals underwent bilateral CytoBrush® cytology, with one side using liquid-based preparation and the other using the conventional method. Papanicolaou staining was performed on all slides. The cell distribution (even vs. patchy) and staining quality (good, fair, poor) were assessed, and statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test to compare qualitative parameters and kappa for interobserver variability. Results: LBC demonstrated significantly more even cell distribution compared to CC (93.3% vs. 24.1%, P < 0.001). LBC showed superior staining quality, with 56.7% achieving good quality compared to 34.7% in CC (P < 0.001). Cell yield was significantly higher in LBC for both basal cells (124.53 ± 1.35 vs. 15.0 ± 1.6, P < 0.001) and parabasal cells (125.85 ± 1.35 vs. 21.0 ± 1.9, P < 0.001). Interobserver agreement was excellent (κ = 0.8–0.9). Conclusion: LBC provides superior cell distribution and staining quality compared to CC, making it a more reliable and efficient method for oral brush biopsy evaluation. Its ease of use in clinical application and smear uniformity improve diagnostic accuracy in detecting cellular changes that are indicative of early malignant transformation.
Introduction Provisional restoration for long-term implant-supported prosthesis and fixed partial denture requires accurate fit for durability. Computer‐aided designing/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and 3D-printing technologies have revolutionized the field of dentistry. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the marginal fit and internal gap of provisional restorations fabricated using conventional, CAD/CAM, and 3D-printing techniques. Materials and methods Fifty-one healthy adult patients, aged 20 to 55 years, who required three-unit metal-ceramic Fixed Partial Denture (FPD) in the posterior region of either the maxilla or mandible, were included and divided into three groups (n = 17 each). The allocation was done using computer-generated randomization. Provisional restorations were fabricated using autopolymerized polymethyl methacrylate resin with indirect method, CAD/CAM, and 3D-printing fabrication techniques. Then, the provisional restorations were luted onto the tooth using a temporary luting agent, and the marginal fit and internal gap were evaluated using the silicone replica technique, followed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy analysis. Result The mean values were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc test. The mean internal gap and marginal fit values for 3D-printed, CAD/CAM-fabricated, and conventionally made provisional restoration were 116.7 ± 12.4, 202.4 ± 25.6, and 271.7 ± 31.8 μm at mid-axial and 105.7 ± 15.3, 137.7 ± 21.2, and 188.7 ± 34.5 μm at mid-bucaal, respectively. The 3D-printed provisional restoration exhibited the highest marginal fit and lowest internal gap, which were statistically significant among the three groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion The 3D-printed provisional restoration demonstrated superior marginal and internal fit compared to CAD/CAM and conventional fabrication methods.
Introduction: Dental rehabilitation of edentulous areas with narrow ridges compromises the scope of implant placement, making it necessary to consider alveolar reconstruction methods. Split-crest osteotomy with bone graft is one such method that improves primary stability and so the success rate. The main aim of our study is to evaluate clinical and radiographic changes using demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and growth factors enriched bone graft matrix (sticky bone) after split crest osteotomy-assisted two-stage implant placement. Materials and Methods: In total, 18 patients, 12 males and 6 females, who had at least one tooth indicated for ridge split, were randomly divided into two groups. Group I received a DBM, whereas Group II received sticky bone. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were conducted at baseline, 3, and 6 months postimplantation, with outcomes subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Both the study groups showed statistically significant improvement in soft tissue and crestal bone level parameters after 6-month intervals. Statistically significant improvement of crestal bone was more in the sticky bone group when compared to the DBM. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that both DBM and sticky bone are effective in promoting alveolar crest stability following two-stage implant placement in narrow ridges. The incorporation of DBM into autologous fibrin glue (sticky bone) may enhance immediate implant success.
Introduction: No significant differences have been observed in the survival index of oral squamous cell carcinoma/oral cancer/OSCC over the past decades with the advent of conventional treatment strategies. Additionally, these treatment strategies are fraught with a lot of complications and detrimental side effects. To combat and overcome these, plant-based products with their bioactive phytochemical components offer new hope. With this rationale, we planned and executed the present study to study the cytotoxic effects of Allium sativum on OSCC cell lines, namely KB and CAL 27 cell lines. To assess the anticancer effect of Allium sativum extract on KB and CAL 27 cell lines (OSCC cell lines). Materials and methods: Ethanolic extracts of Allium sativum were prepared by mixing the plant powders with ethanol in a 1:5 ratio using the maceration method. KB and CAL 27 oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic–antimycotic solution that was maintained at 37°C and 5% conditions in a humidified atmosphere. After three consecutive passages, the cytotoxicity of the compound was evaluated using an MTT assay. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Result: The obtained results revealed a high cytotoxic effect of Allium sativum extract on KB cell lines at 400 μg/ml with a mean of 92.64 ± 0.59 as depicted in the first figure and on CAL 27 cell lines at 400 μg/ml with a mean of 92.16±0.66 as depicted in the second figure. The result concluded that Allium sativum extract on both the cell lines showed significant cytotoxic effects on higher concentrations against OSCC (P-value < 0.05). Our study reported the IC50 of about 99.70 μg/ml for Allium sativum on KB cell lines and 107.40 μg/ml CAL 27 cell lines, respectively. Conclusion: Allium sativum proved to have a high cytotoxic effect against human oral cancer cell lines, thereby inducing apoptosis and acting as a natural novel therapeutic agent in OSCC.
