Postpartum intra-uterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCD) are IUCDs that are inserted immediately following the delivery of the placenta or up to 48 hours after birth. The most common complications of PPIUCD are heavy vaginal bleeding, menstrual irregularities, abdominal discomfort, fever, unusual vaginal discharge, missing strings, expulsion, displacement, and rarely perforation. Therefore, the present study was conducted for a comparative evaluation of the incidence of displacement and other complications of PPIUCD inserted after vaginal and cesarean delivery in cases delivered at tertiary care hospitals.: The study was designed as an observational study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Pt. J.N.M. Medical College and Dr. BRAM Hospital in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The study spanned from August 2022 to December 2023. The study population was antenatal clients who came to Antenatal OPD or those who got admitted to the labor room to undergo vaginal or cesarean delivery and given consent for PPIUCD insertion. The statistical software SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the data. The total number of PPIUCD insertions was 5475 (43%). Out of which 2471 (45%), PPIUCD insertions were done after vaginal delivery, and 3004 (55%) were intra-caesarean insertions. PPIUCD was more invaginal PPIUCD group (12%) than caesarean PPIUCD group (3.9%). The present study concludes that PPIUCD is an effective, safe, and convenient intervention both in vaginal and caesarean deliveries.
Obesity is a multifaceted illness linked to numerous pathological conditions, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and certain cancers such as those of the colon, breast, and prostate. With mortality estimates ranging from 105,000 to 405,000 annually and healthcare costs between $138 to $210 billion, obesity has become a major preventable cause of death. This epidemic stems from various factors, including rising income levels, sedentary lifestyles, technological advancements in food production, and the proliferation of fast food. Additional contributors include shifting time preferences, marketing strategies promoting unhealthy foods, and accessibility of health insurance. The review examines the role of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in contributing to obesity and its related disorders. Ultra-processed foods, rich in sugars, salt, protein isolates, high-fructose syrups, and various additives, dominate modern diets. Their affordability, convenience, and enhanced sensory appeal drive their widespread consumption, especially in nations like the US, UK, and Canada, where UPFs account for over half of daily caloric intake. This over-reliance on UPFs results in nutritionally deficient diets, low in fiber and essential nutrients but high in calories, saturated fats, sugar, and salt. The objective is to explore the categorization of obesity, its associated phenotypes, and the health consequences of UPF consumption, including neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Public health strategies aimed at reducing UPF consumption, promoting nutritional awareness, and overcoming implementation challenges will be evaluated to address this growing epidemic.
This review includes all the additional evidence and cutting-edge knowledge regarding the epidemiology of epilepsy that the previous article skipped. There are fewer articles related to the epidemiology of the disease and some on the burden of disease. To bring about educational change in line with the vision for the existing health system, we at the institutional level gather in this article a full description of the epidemiology of epilepsy, aggregating all standard measure concepts and different sources with some evidence of observational studies according to the World Health Organization. To make comparisons on the topic, we limited our investigation to the last ten years, from 2010 to 2019, which fell before the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to update a review and analyse the burden of the disease at the global level. We studied and concluded that, globally, in 2019, distinctive epilepsy incidents increased in all ages by [1.5 million (1.1–2.0)] in males and [1.3 million (0.9–1.7)] in females; prevalent cases increased by [13.0 million (9.9–16.2)] in male and [12.0 million (9.1–15.1)] in female as compared to 2010, respectively; death 114010.9 (95% UI, 100177.7 to 129928.1); high SDI (socio-demographic index) regions showed the lowest death as compared to low SDI regions in all age and sex. We updated estimates for up to 2023 and explored new data, methodological improvements, and up-to-date available information to help allocate resources.
There is a growing interest in the chemical composition of plant-based medicines. Bioactive constituents have been isolated and studied for pharmacological activities. Plant-based drugs remain an important source of therapeutic agents because of their availability, relatively cheaper cost, and non-toxic nature compared to modern medicine. Cocculus hirsutus L., locally called Jaljamini, belongs to Menispermaceae and is a climbing scandent shrub with hairy sepals. The leaves of C. hirsutus L. were screened to identify and analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for developing new drugs. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of major phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, etc. The studies on the bioactive components in the methanolic seed extract of C. hirsutus L. by GC-MS analysis showed the presence of four bioactive compounds such as 2-hexyldecanoic acid (220.19%), 2-Hydroxy–14–methyl– oxa – cyclotetradec – 6 – en – 2 – one (122.04%), 11-Hexadecyn –1–ol (622.56%), 6, 9 - octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (226.27%). The infrared spectrum analysis of methanolic and aqueous seed extracts of C. hirsutus L. showed the presence of alkyl halide, alcohol, aromatic, acid, and alkyne functional groups. The UV-VIS spectrum analysis results of methanolic and aqueous seed extract of C. hirsutus L. showed absorption at 311 nm (-0.403) and 310 (-0.110), respectively. The results obtained in our study suggest that, the leaf extract of Cocculus hirsutus L. can be a promising candidate for the development of phytomedicine in the treatment and prevention of various ailments.
The incidence of cardiovascular disease due to thrombosis is 2-4 folds greater in diabetic patients with diabetes. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and platelet count are hematological indices that give an insight into the coagulation status. Decreased/deficient vitamin B12 levels are now considered a common side effect in patients on metformin treatment, especially in those receiving a higher dose or longer treatment duration, which leads to an increase in homocysteine and hyperhomocysteinemia levels are linked to thrombosis. Hence, this study aimed to assess the coagulation status of patients with type 2 diabetes on a higher dose of metformin and to compare it with that of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving a lower dose of metformin. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Bapuji Hospital and Chigateri Government Hospital, attached to the JJM Medical College, Davangere. A total of 50 treated type II diabetes treated with metformin (>1500 mg/day and <1500 mg/day) were included. After obtaining informed consent, a structured questionnaire was used to collect the sociodemographic data. Following the interview, 4 ml of blood was collected to determine the two groups' PT(Prothrombin time), aPTT(activated partial thromboplastin time,) and INR (international normalized ratio )values. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. An unpaired "t" test was used to compare the mean PT, aPTT, and INR counts among the groups. A P significance was set at P < 0.05. The mean aPTT and PT of T2DM patients (>1500mf/day metformin) had a mean aPTT, PT, and INR of 26.97 ± 5.25, 11.93 ± 1.06, and 1.024 ± 0.1 and T2DM (< 1500 mg/day metformin) had mean aPTT, PT, and INR of 31.76 ± 6.25, 13.08 ± 1.36, and 1.148 ± 0.12, respectively. The odds ratio was 5.4, which revealed that the aPTT values were 5.4 times more in controls than in cases. There was a significant shortening of aPTT, PT, and INR in cases compared with controls (P < 0.05). Shortening of aPTT, PT, and INR in T2DM may be a useful marker. Therefore, monitoring aPTT and PT in T2DM patients receiving a higher metformin dose is important to prevent hypercoagulation.
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected health care across the globe. Since the initiation of the pandemic, there have beensignificant changes in the approach toward kidney transplantation and the management of COVID-19 infection among transplant recipients.Data on the prevalence, risk factors, presentation, and management of kidney transplant subjects has been less, especially from India. Hencethe current study was undertaken. The current study was done with the aim of knowing the prevalence and pattern of COVID-19 infection.The study was carried out in the Department of Nephrology at a tertiary care centre named NRI. Medical College, Mangalagiri, AndhraPradesh, India on 100 renal transplant recipients. Male and female patients aged above 18 years. admitted to the nephrology departmentat NRI Medical College, who underwent renal transplantation previously, and who provided informed consent were taken as the sourceof study patients. This case-control study was done for 12 months from October 2021 to September 2022. All parameters were comparedbetween cases and controls. Results showed that the prevalence of COVID-19 was 22%. There was a significant difference in the meanage, ESR, CRP levels, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and death rate between cases and controls. The mean duration of hospitalizationand death rate were significantly higher among cases compared to controls. The need for admission and mechanical ventilation was alsosignificantly higher among cases compared to controls. There was no significant difference in gender between cases and controls. Most ofthe cases had clinical symptoms like dyspnoea and dry cough. Most of the controls had myalgia and easy fatigability. The mean no ofcomorbidities was 3.4±0.9 and the mean no of comorbidities among controls was 1.8±1.1 Mean number of comorbidities among cases wassignificantly higher compared to controls. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in adverse outcomes like ICU admission, needfor mechanical ventilation, and mortality between renal transplantation patients with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19.
Acute febrile illness with thrombocytopenia is a common condition associated with an increased risk of morbidityand mortality. India is a lower-middle-income country (LMIC), with approximately 70% of its population living in rural areas.Thrombocytopenia may be defined as a subnormal number of platelets in the circulating blood. Longer hospital stays in theintensive care unit (ICU), more bleeding events, more transfusions needed, and higher mortality are all associated withthrombocytopenia. Our study aims to observe clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with acute febrile illness withthrombocytopenia in a tertiary care centre. This cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Weincluded 125 patients with thrombocytopenia who were ≥18 years of age between March 2022 and December 2022. Thepatients were observed and followed up during their stay in the hospital, diagnoses were made, and bleeding manifestations andplatelet transfusion requirements were recorded. Most patients were in the age group 26-35, with 31.2%. The male-to-femaleratio in our study was 1.3:1. Apart from fever, the most common symptom was myalgia (65.6%). Dengue was diagnosed in mostof the patients (56.8%). The platelet counts of <10000/ cum were observed in 22 patients, among which 14 showed bleedingmanifestations. Acute kidney injury was the most common complication in 24.8% of patients, followed by Hepatitis in 14.4%. Anearly diagnosis and targeted therapy for the underlying cause of febrile thrombocytopenia and maintenance of platelet count andhaemostatic function lead to an effective recovery.
