Abstract Diabetes mellitus, one of the fastest spreading chronic diseases in the world and is related to anomalous, undeniably escalated levels of glucose in the blood. People with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing complications like strokes, diabetic retinopathy, renal failure, and neuropathy, among others, which raise the rates of morbidity and mortality. Making things even worse when medical science confirms that there is no cure for this disease yet! Even though there is no cure for diabetes. In developing nations, diabetes has emerged as the second leading cause of mortality. The primary step towards controlling and minimizing the risk factor of diabetes is the early detection of diabetes. The advancement of public healthcare facilities has prompted the gathering of sensitive and important healthcare data. The adoption of machine learning algorithms in conjunction with the analysis of acquired data facilitates the early detection and prognostication of diseases. The aim of this study is to propose a reliable and efficient novel machine learning model for predicting diabetes mellitus with better accuracy. For diabetes prediction, eight different classifiers were employed, i.e., Naïve Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM ), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), XGBoost (XGB), Novel machine learning model. For experimental evaluation, the Pima India diabetes dataset (PIDD) and Diabetes dataset are used. During the analysis, it was observed that the novel machine learning model outperformed other classifiers with 99.6% accuracy on the PIDD and 99.8 % accuracy on the Diabetes dataset. The findings reveal the resilience of a newly developed machine learning model in identifying diabetes mellitus at an early stage.
This study investigates the impact of GM corn adoption on yield and price for the US corn belt from 2014 to 2020. In addition, the study investigates the interaction effects of GM corn and yield on price and analyses the impact of both temporary and permanent shocks of growing GM corn on yield and price. The results indicated that the GM corn adoption had a positive impact on yield and a negative and statistically significant impact on price. Also, the interaction effect of GM corn and yield impacted positively on the price, suggesting that the adoption of GM corn should increase the negative effect of yield on price. The temporary shock of growing GM corn positively impacted yield and price while the permanent shock negatively affected yield and price. The study suggested that the adoption of GM corn has implications for improving producer and consumer welfare and global food security.
Tomato can be contaminated with fungal species, which is deadly for human and animal's consumption, as some of them produce mycotoxins. Fusarium oxysporum and Geotrichum candidum diseases still cause massive damages in greenhouses and open fields. The objectives of this study were to detect virulent genes (fmk1, endoPG {pg1}, and xyl3-genes) and ascertain pathogenic strains in F. oxysporum and G. candidum isolated from two tomato cultivars obtained from Nigeria. Isolation of the two fungal pathogens from the tomato cultivars were done on acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (APDA) plates at the Plant Pathology/Mycology laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Ibadan following standard procedures. DNA extraction from pure cultures of the pathogens was done at the Centre Laboratory of University of Ibadan. Molecular investigations of fmk1, pg1 and xyl3-coding gene in the fungal isolates were by PCR reaction. Genetic relationships among the pathogens were also estimated by constructing a Dendrogram through UPGMA using the Mega6 Software. Five strains of F. oxysporum and seven strains of G. candidum were identified. A positive amplification of the ITS region of the fungal pathogens was given by agarose gel electrophoresis on PCR reaction. Percentage similarity of the pathogens with those in GenBank was 99.17%100.00% for F. oxysporum and 98.48%100.00% for G. candidum. Gel image indicated a negative amplification for the virulence-associated gene flk1, pg1 and xyl3-gene in all the fungal strains. More studies should be carried out to investigate the gene responsible for virulence and diverse expression of virulence genes upon infection on tomato fruit should also be investigated. This is to ascertain the possibility of more genes coding for pathogenicity in these fungi.
The present paper seeks to explore factors related to the types, influences, reasons for influences, and how entrepreneurship ecosystems developed in the biopharmaceutical sector in select regions of Central Europe. It is motivated by specific gaps in the literature related to entrepreneurial ecosystems. Findings from a survey of multiple actors' perceptions in these areas are presented. Findings show that most ecosystems reside in areas with multiple innovative industries, that this has a slight positive influence on the development of this sector, and that over time these entrepreneurial ecosystems are becoming more directed as opposed to growing spontaneously.
Blood stream infections can result in sepsis, a condition that can be fatal. Blood culture is the most effective way to diagnosis of sepsis. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms have a higher probability to raise mortality risk of patients. Blood sample was collected and transferred into a bottle of blood culture and incubated for 5 days. The most typical organism isolated was Stenotrophonomas maltophilia (39.65%) which was followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20%) in terms of frequency. The most frequent isolate, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, was 100% sensitive to Chloramphenicol, 95.65% to Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 86.95% sensitive to Levofloxacin. Daptomycin, vancomycin and linezolid showed 100% sensitivity against all identified gram positive bacilli (GPC). According to the current study, the most prevalent isolates from blood cultures were stenotrophomonas maltophilia and staphylococcus aureus, which is predominant organisms causing septicemia. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, had greater susceptibility to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and levofloxacin. Staphylococcus aureus, showed higher sensitivity to daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid.
The host cell line influences the quality of the recombinant protein produced within it. In the case of monoclonal antibodies, the most frequently chosen hosts are hamster- and mouse-derived cell lines. However, the glycosylation profile of the mAbs generated using these cell lines is expected to be different. In this study, we used the cetuximab protein obtained from the Sp2/0 and CHO cell lines to analyse the content of fucosylated and non-fucosylated glycoforms, as well as structures containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid and Gal-Gal structures. Our results confirm literature data suggesting a higher level of fucosylated glycoforms and a higher level of N-acetylneuraminic acid in CHO- over Sp2/0-derived cetuximab. We also confirm the lack of Gal-Gal structures in the CHO-derived antibody. Moreover, we have demonstrated the Sp2/0- and CHO-derived IgG may have a comparable non-fucosylated glycoforms content. This is a significant find, since non-fucosylated species are the triggers of the biological activities of many antibodies.
Lead (Pb) is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils. IAA and NAA belongs to plant hormone auxin that promote plants growth. This work aim at examining possible ameliorative effects of Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on some biochemical parameters of soybean exposed to Pb toxicity. Seeds of soybean (TGX 1835-10E) genotype were sown in 5kg bags of soil containing 1000mg/L of Lead nitrate (PbNO3). 40mg/L, 80 mg/L and 120mg/L each of IAA and NAA were prepared and applied by foliar method after 5 weeks of planting. Photosynthetic pigments, mineral elements and antioxidant enzymes were determined on the root, stem and leaf after 7 weeks of planting. Data were analysed using anova at 5% level of significance. The results showed that the level of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, mineral elements and antioxidant enzymes significantly increased in the root, stem and leaf of soybean treated with different concentration of Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) as compared with the control (C+ve). All bioregulators (IAA and NAA) concentrations significantly decreased in the level of Pb2+ (except 40mg/L IAA in the root and leaf while all concentration have significant effects in the stem) and also all concentration of (IAA and NAA) significantly increased in the level of biochemical parameters to different extent as compared to control(C+ve). These results show that Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) could ameliorate the Pb toxicity and therefore will be of relevance to agricultural producers.
The hexane extracts of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) of the Zingiberaceae family and Coconut; Cocos nucifera a member of the Arecaceae family, from two locations in Guyana were used for the investigation of their antibacterial properties. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of the plant and plant product, the antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated against three common bacteria found on wound infections; Staphylococcus aureus a gram-positive bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae a Gram-negative, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa a common encapsulated, facultative aerobic and Gram-negative. The disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial activity of the extracts which were evaluated in 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations against each organism in triplicates, and the diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured. There was no significant difference among the plant extracts from the different locations. The results showed that coconut oil in 50% was most effective against Staphylococcus aureus forming zones measuring 19-20mm, the 100% ginger concentration was most effective against Staphylococcus aureus also and the zones measured 23-15mm, the mixture of ginger and coconut oil was equally effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zones measured 12-15mm. The study also investigated the phytochemical constituents of the plant hexane extracts to test the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. Results of the phytochemical studies revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, phenol, and steroids in the extracts were active against the bacteria.
Eugenol is the key active constituent of clove. The aim of this study was to analyze the concentration of Eugenol in different parts of dried Clove (tail, mid body and flower) by IR Spectroscopy and graphical comparison of the concentration. In this experiment the different part of dried clove was used to perform the quantitative analysis. Two methods were followed for the IR Spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) sampling method and KBr Pellet method. KBr Pellets were prepared at 1:99 (Clove part: KBr) and IR spectrum drawn between IR reason (650 to 4000). Total 5 samples were analysed [Sample 01- Clove flower, Sample 02- just below of flower, Sample 03- mid body, Sample 4 -mid Body 2nd and Sample 05 -tail part]. Two wavelengths were target 1513 cm-1 and 1431 cm-1. The quantitative analysis was performed for % transmittance and % absorbance. Plotted Spectra was compared with the Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDOC) and spectra-base at Wiley. Sample 03 mid body shows higher area comparatively remaining four samples at both peaks (1513 cm-1 as well as 1431 cm-1). Results shows that the concentration of Eugenol is higher at Ovules than tail and flower.
