The convergence of microbiology and nanotechnology is redefining modern therapeutics by enabling precise, sustainable, and personalized medical interventions. Endophytes—plant‐associated microorganisms—have emerged as efficient biofactories for the green synthesis of nanomaterials, offering eco‐friendly approaches to produce nanoparticles with enhanced therapeutic functionality. At the same time, the gut microbiota gained recognition as a central regulator of host metabolism, immune modulation, and disease susceptibility, making it a key determinant of treatment outcomes. Nanomaterials serve as a dynamic interface connecting these biological systems. They enhance the stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of endophyte‐derived bioactive compounds, thereby maximizing their clinical efficacy. Beyond delivery, nanomaterials interact with gut microbial communities, facilitating microbial biotransformation, metabolic enrichment, and expansion of enzymatic capabilities. This tridirectional interplay—among nanomaterials, endophytes, and the gut microbiota—strengthens antimicrobial strategies, promotes immune modulation, and improves host resilience through the precise shaping of microbial communities. In oncology, such bio–nanosynergies enable targeted tumor delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity. In infectious and immune‐mediated disorders, they support microbiota‐driven therapeutic modulation and improved disease management. Collectively, these advances establish a translational framework for next‐generation therapeutics that integrate ecological sustainability with clinical precision. This review explores emerging mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities at the microbe–nanointerface, highlighting how the integration of endophyte‐derived nanomaterials and gut microbiota modulation may transform treatment strategies for malignant, infectious, and immune‐related diseases.
This work presents a room‐temperature acetone sensor based on activated durian peel carbon/graphene/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) decorated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO/ADC/GP/PEDOT:PSS). The ADC/GP/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite‐based inks were printed onto substrates by using an ordinary desktop inkjet printer. The ZnO nanoparticles were then decorated on the nanocomposites by a sparking process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda method, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x‐ray diffractometry, and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the existence of ZnO nanoparticles on the ADC/GP/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites. The ZnO/ADC/GP/PEDOT:PSS with a condition of 3 min Zn wire sparking exhibited the highest response and selectivity to a low concentration of acetone at room temperature. The enhancement of acetone‐sensing properties was assigned to the increased active sites by the addition of GP, ADC, and ZnO nanoparticles. Furthermore, the mechanism of acetone sensing for the ZnO/ADC/GP/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite was discussed based on the formation of the p‐type semiconducting ADC/GP/PEDOT:PSS and the n‐type semiconducting ZnO nanoparticle heterojunctions with an adsorption‐assisted mechanism. This work contributes useful insights to optimizing ZnO/ADC/GP/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites for future inkjet‐printed gas‐sensing applications.
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents one of the main physiological barriers in terms of effective CNS drug delivery, which affects the treatment options of brain cancers and neurological diseases. In this context, this review focuses on the use of magnetic nano system (MNS) to induce hyperthermia for modulating the BBB permeability. Here, we describe the mechanisms of controlled thermal elevation by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) for BBB disruption. Important mechanisms include modulation of endothelial tight junctions, especially claudin-5 and occludin, and enhanced transcellular transport through transcytosis pathways, often mediated by specific signaling cascades such as the RhoA/ROCK pathway and calcium fluxes. The review also points out the importance of polymeric coatings on nanocarriers for controlled loading and triggered release of pharmaceutical ingredients like chemotherapy agents and monoclonal antibodies. Preclinical data show the potential of MNS-mediated hyperthermia to improve CNS delivery of multiple therapeutics. The review also discusses the key aspects for optimizing thermal dose, biocompatibility, target specificity, and future perspectives for clinical translation. This approach offers a promising way to overcome the limitations of the BBB and further therapeutic interventions for the CNS.
The use of engine oil contributes substantially to enhancing the thermal performance in the automobile industry by effectively dissipating heat from the engine and components, confirming optimal operating temperature. The advanced formulations, includingtri-hybridnanofluid-enhanced engine oil, are adopted to enhance thermal performance, reducing wear and improving fuel efficiency. The objective of the current work is to modify the thermal efficiencies of engine oil with the application oftri-hybrid nanofluid. Thetri-hybrid nanofluid is subject to the utilization of titanium oxide (TiO2), copper oxide (CuO), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles with an engine oil base fluid. The base fluid properties are represented with the help of a couple stress fluid. The thermal problem is influenced by nonlinear radiative transport as well as an external heating source. A porous stretched surface comprising the suction features is assumed to be the source of flow. The heat transfer problem is subject to convective boundary constraints. The modified Cattaneo–Christov model is used to formulate the problem. To compute the result numerically, awell-established shooting scheme has been implemented. Comparative analysis for heat transfer is conducted to examine the thermal performance of mononanofluid (TiO2/Engine oil), hybrid nanofluid (CuO-TiO2/Engine oil), andtri-hybrid nanomaterial (TiO2-CuO-SiO2/Engine oil). The claimed results present innovative insight for the optimization of modern cooling systems in the automobile industry, where effective thermal regulation is necessary. Furthermore, the proposed model highlights potential for upgrading the engine efficiency and reducing the energy consumption in automotive systems.
The present study investigates the role of carbon nanodots (CNDs) in enhancing microalgal growth, biochemical productivity, and wastewater remediation within a circular bioeconomy framework. Carbon nanodots synthesized from biomass-derived precursors were characterized and applied at different concentrations during the cultivation of microalgae in sewage wastewater. The effects of CND supplementation on growth kinetics, pigment accumulation, biomass productivity, lipid synthesis, lutein production, and nutrient removal efficiency were systematically evaluated. Among the tested treatments, the optimally supplemented CND1 condition exhibited superior performance, achieving maximum chlorophyll content (24.44 μg·mL−1), carotenoid accumulation (2.25 μg·mL−1), biomass concentration (0.62 g·L−1), lipid productivity (0.45 g·L−1), and lutein accumulation (2.21 mg·g−1). Significant enhancement in pollutant remediation was also observed, with removal efficiencies of 85.41% ammoniacal nitrogen, 82.22% nitrate nitrogen, 88.03% phosphorus, 88.76% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 87.08% chemical oxygen demand (COD). The improved performance was attributed to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, electron transfer, nutrient assimilation, and mixotrophic metabolism induced by the physicochemical properties of CNDs. Correlation analysis further demonstrated that CND supplementation altered metabolic interactions among biomass, pigments, and lipids, promoting distinct biochemical partitioning compared with conventional cultivation conditions. However, higher CND concentrations exerted inhibitory effects due to possible oxidative stress and light attenuation. Overall, the findings demonstrate that optimally dosed carbon nanodots act as effective photosynthetic biostimulants, significantly improving phycoremediation efficiency and value-added metabolite production, thereby offering a sustainable strategy for advanced wastewater treatment and resource recovery.
