Background: Low birth weight remains a public health challenge in developing worlds. Globally, low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of early neonatal mortality and morbidity. The primary causes of low birth weight are related to maternal risk factors. For instance; maternal under nutrition, maternal anemia, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with low birth weight. Although it remains one of the top challenges of adverse birth outcome, predictors of low birth weight are rarely Eastern studied in Ethiopia. To the best knowledge of the researchers, the magnitude of low birth weight is not studied in this study area. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the magnitude of low birth weight and associated factors among women who gave birth in public Hospitals of Harari Regional state, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 women who deliverd in public hospitals of Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia from February 10th to March 20th, 2019. A systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected using pretested structured interviews administered questionnaires. The collected data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1, and exported to SPSS (IBM version 22) for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were carried out using frequency tables, proportion and summary measures. Multivariable analysis was done to identify the true effects of predictor variables on the outcome variable after controlling for possible confounders. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05. Result: Overall, the magnitude of low birth weight was 23.3% [( 95% CI (19.0, 28.0)]. In final model of multivariable analysis; unplanned pregnancy [AOR=4.7;95%CI (2.4, 8.9)], maternal mid upper arm circumference less than 23cm[AOR=3.5;95%CI (1.8, 6.0)], substance use in current pregnancy[AOR=5.0; 95%CI(2.5, 10.0)], maternal anemia [AOR=2.3; 95%CI (1.2, 4.4)], a history of hyperemesis in current pregnancy[AOR=4.5,95 % CI =2.3, 9.0)] and having no history of antenatal care follow-up in current pregnancy [AOR=5.4; 95 % CI =2.5, 12.9)] were statistically associated with low birth weight. The conclusion: The magnitude of low birth weight was relatively high in this study area compared to national and global targets. Therefore, efforts should be emphasized on ensuring women’s nutritional status during pregnancy, and creating awareness on the potential risks of substance use for unborn fetus. Health information dissemination on the utilization of ANC service is also very crucial to improve the birth weight of newborn babies. Keywords: Low birth weight, associated factors, predictors, Eastern Ethiopia
Social media is a relatively new technology, and little studies have been conducted on its addiction and associated factors. It has become popular among college and university students of young population. Social media is addictive specially using it for chatting is very attractive and addictive. Once you sign in to this public site, you may follow others’ comments, gossip, and get in touch with the whole society or world. You can’t stop when you want since you are controlled. The present study is designed to evaluate social media addiction and associated factors among university students. An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 11 - 30 /2017. A simple random sampling method was conducted to recruit the study participants. Data was collected by using pre-tasted, structured and self-administered questioner and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. A total of 149(99.3%) of respondents were reported as social media users. From this figure the majority 104(69.8%) of participants used Facebook. From the total users about 32(21.3%) of students were addicted. Variables such as being male, young in age (18-22 years), and excessive use of social media per day significantly associated with higher odds of addiction. Therefore, students should limit and use appropriately the social media through self-regulation.
Background: Antenatal care (ANC) also known as prenatal care given for women during pregnancy, and it is important for both maternal and fetal health. Pregnant women with late initiation of antenatal care are more likely to attain poor outcomes of pregnancy. Therefore; this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit in Goba town, southeast Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to April 28/2018 among 379 pregnant women. Systematic sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using interview based pre tested and structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20; bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used. Bivariate analysis was carried out to examine the relationship between dependent and independent variables of the study; in addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to see independent effect of the predictor variables on the dependent variable by adjusting the effect of potential confounding variables. Adjusted Odds ratio with 95% CI was used to show strength of association between dependent and predictor variables. Result: .Out of 379 pregnant mothers included in the study, 232(61.2%) pregnant women had started their first antenatal care (ANC) early in the first trimester, while the remaining 147(38.8%) pregnant mothers had started late. Educational level of respondents, monthly income, and obstetrics history of stillbirth were significantly associated with late initiation of first ANC among pregnant mothers. Conclusion: In this study a high occurrence of late initiation of ANC was found among pregnant women compared other studies conducted in Ethiopia. Factors such as no formal education, monthly income of <= 400 EB, and no obstetrics history of stillbirth were significantly associated with higher level of late initiation of first ANC among pregnant women. So, timely strategic actions should be implemented by government as well non-governmental stake holders at predictors’ of late early initiation of first ANC
Background: Service satisfaction encourages mothers to continuously utilize and consume the maternal health care package. But no alike work in the current research area reported so far which this research committed to delivering evidence about the contentment of women in delivery care service provision. Objective: To assess mother's satisfaction and determinants toward childbirth service in Mana District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 674 women who delivered at the health centers in the last one-year prior study. Data were entered into EPI info version 7, exported to SPSS version 21 then descriptive and multiple regression analysis performed. Result: Mothers' delivery service satisfaction in this study was 45 percent. Supplies, perceived average monthly income, numbers of health facility delivery, being a housewife, and the age of women were found as the independent predictors of delivery service satisfaction. Conclusion and recommendation: Poor cleanliness of the delivery room, inadequacy of water during delivery, and not being asked for accord were major sources of dissatisfaction. Older age, low income, being a non- housewife, and delivering only once at a health facility had better chances of satisfaction. Hence health facilities should resolve problems of physical aspects like poor hygiene and water shortage. Care providers better are vigilant of the apprehension of delivering mothers during the care process with consensus.
Background: Pelvic organ prolapse is an anatomic support defect of the pelvic viscera, and may result from a series of long term failure of the supporting and suspension mechanisms of the uterus and the vaginal wall. Objective: The aim of this study intended to assess determinant factors 8of pelvic organ prolapse among patients attending at hospitals in Southern Ethiopia. Methods: This facility-based unmatched case-control study included 416 (104 cases and 312 controls with a case to control ratio of 1:3) participants selected by using simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire and the collected data was entered in to Epi data version 3.1 which was then exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. The association between variables was analyzed with bivariate and multi variable logistic regression. A statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05, with 95% confidence interval. Results: A total number of 401 (104 cases and 297 controls) study participants participated in the present study yielding a response rate of 96.4% (95.2% for controls and 100 % for cases). After adjusting for the possible confounders, Age > 55 years [AOR=13.85, 95% CI (1.27- 26.26)], educational status, no formal education [AOR=1.75, 95% CI (1.58-4.90)], number of delivery > 4 [AOR=5.76, 95% CI (3.88 -9.47)], place of delivery [AOR=1.94, 95% CI (1.03-4.86)], vaginal tear [AOR=2.07, 95% CI (1.33-7.74)], family planning ever use [AOR=0.41, 95% CI (0.27- 0.93)], type of usual work [AOR=2.66, 95% CI (1.42- 8.43)] and history of chronic cough [AOR=11.99, 95% CI (1.21- 21.81)] were found to be significant predictors for pelvic organ prolapse among patients attending at hospitals of Southern Ethiopia. Conclusion: Age, educational status of the respondent, number of delivery, place of delivery, vaginal tear, and type of usual work, family planning ever use and history of chronic cough were found to be significant predicators for pelvic organ prolapse. The regional and zonal health bureau could train health extension workers to encourage women to use family planning and institutional deliveries.
Objective: This study was assessed knowledge and practice of cervical cancer prevention, and its associated factors among primary school female teachers of Hawassa city, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study design was used to investigate the Knowledge and practice of cervical cancer prevention and its associated factors. Data was collected from 475 female teachers with simple random sampling techniques. Data were analyzed and presented with frequency, proportion, mean and standard deviations while crude odds ratio and p-value were generated with binary logistic regression. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of knowledge and practices towards cervical cancer prevention with p-value ≤ 0.05. Results: From 475 respondents 129 (27.2%) were knowledgeable and 95 (20%) have practices to prevent cervical cancer. Age 35-39 years old were 2.20 times and have a history of pregnancy 2.09 times(Adjusted odds ratio 2.20, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.11-3.46) and (Adjusted odds ratio 2.09, 95%, Confidence Interval: 1.08-4.05) respectively, increases the odds of a good level of knowledge. On the other hand Age between 30-39 years old were 1.85 times more likely (Adjusted odds ratio 1.85, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.02-3.36), and those having a good level of knowledge 6.14 times more likely (Adjusted odds ratio 6.14, 95% Confidence Interval: 3.71-10.16) increases the odds level of practices. Conclusions: Inthis study knowledge and practice towards cervical cancer prevention were low. Age 35-39 years old, and was having history of pregnancy, increases the odds of a good knowledge. Where-as age 30-39 years old and was having a good level of knowledge increases the odds practices towards cervical cancer prevention. Therefore counseling with information, education, communication and service should be given at maternal and child health units and platforms should be created in schools to give health health education in order to reach more need specific groups. Keywords: Cervical cancer, Knowledge, Practice, Teachers, Hawassa, Prevention information
Background: Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a primary screening technique to detect breast abnormalities. By performing regular breast self-examination, women would become familiar with their breasts condition so as to enable them to detect any changes from time to time. BSE must be routinely performed by an individual female from young. This is because breast cancer can be developed at the very age of twenty. This study was aimed to assess the predictor of breast self-examination and breast cancer risk perception among female students of WCU, by using health belief model. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Wachamo University female students, Hossana, Ethiopia. Data collection tool is an anonymous valid and reliable questionnaire, which acquired information about the factors affecting predictor of breast self-examination and breast cancer risk perception. The data was entered in Epi data V-3.1 and analysed using SPSS version 21. Binary logistic regression analysis was also employed to examine association between dependent and independent variables. P-value of <0.05 was considered as cut off point for significance. Results: A total of 441 study subjects participated in this study making response rate of 99.3 % with mean age of the study population was 21 years. 98 % of the participants were single and 38% were protestant religion followers. Most of them 92.3% ever heard about breast cancer and 43.3% of the participants ever heard about BSE. The main source of information on breast cancer and BSE were media 74.1%. The overall knowledge of the students about breast self-examination was 61%. Good knowledge on BSE and breast cancer risk perception 5.01[2.13, 11.18], facing of breast discomfort 3.04[1.07, 9], family history of breast cancer 6.32[1.08, 14.95], high perceived susceptibility 2.5[1.2, 6.09], high perceived severity were 3.3[1.01, 8.65]) were independent predictors of breast self-examination among female Wachemo University students. Conclusions and Recommendation: In this study breast self-examination among female Wachemo University students so comes to be 39.2% which is lower than other studies even if there is some similar figures were there. Intervenes should have to be needed by designing and carrying out to enhance the skills and efficacy of the female students regarding self-examinations of their breasts. Governmental organization should have to scale up breast screening service as one of the packages from youth friendly service because it’s long-term consequence serious.
At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei Province of China. This results in an epidemic throughout China, followed by an increasing number of cases in other countries throughout the world. Currently, containment and mitigation measures have intensified and disease-modifying pharmacologic compounds and vaccines are being developed, COVID-19 continues to spread. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) was shown to be a Beta-coronavirus (lineage B) closely related to SARS-CoV and SARS-related bat coronaviruses, and it has been reported to share a common receptor with SARS-CoV (ACE-2)At the time of this writing, the full magnitude of the public health impact poses a great threat to all humankind. More than 12 million patients have been infected globally and 564, 623 have died as of 10th July 2020. In this review, we highlight epidemiology, transmission, impact on pregnancy and reproductive health and future directions to control the spread of this fatal disease.
Background: Cesarean section is a lifesaving surgical procedure for both the mother and the fetus when vaginal delivery is impossible. However, avoidable cesarean section leads to increased risks. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of cesarean section among women delivered at Durame General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 women from April 1st to April 30th, 2019. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire through face to face interview and reviewing of medical records. Data were entered by Epi-data version 3.1 and analysed by SPSS version 23. A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression with their odds ratio was calculated at 95% confidence interval and p-value 0.005 was considered as statistically significant. Result: The overall prevalence of cesarean delivery in the study area was 24.7%. Previous cesarean section [AOR=7.3, 95% CI (2.02, 26.65)], post term pregnancy [AOR=3.3, 95% CI (1.26, 8.67)] and mothers age 35 years and above, [AOR=3.21, 95% CI (1.19, 8.67)] were predictors of cesarean section. Conclusion: The prevalence of cesarean section in the study area was high as compared to WHO recommendation. To keep a standard cesarean section rate due attention should be given for possibility of vaginal delivery by providing cautious assessment to every woman who had previous cesarean delivery and the appropriateness of the indications of cesarean section must be continually monitored.
Background: In Ethiopia cervical cancer (CC) is a common and leading cause of death from cancer among women. CC is preventable and curable if identified in its early stage. Studies have shown that HIV positive women are at increased risk of cervical cancer. There is limited available evidence in Ethiopia on knowledge about CC and screening practices among women living with HIV. Objective: To assess the overall knowledge about CC, screening practices and associated factors among women living with HIV in public hospitals of West Shoa zone, Ethiopia, 2016. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2016. A simple random sampling technique was utilized to select 423 study subjects. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. Results: Almost half 210(49.6%) of them had good overall knowledge about CC, only 9(2.1%) of them were ever screened. Those who had heard about CC from mass media (AOR=28.2,CI:14.18-56.1), heard about CC from health workers (AOR=23.3,CI:5.69-96.1), knowing patients with CC (AOR=26.23,CI: 7.53-89.9), being older (AOR=21.2,CI:3.17-141.6), higher income (AOR=6.58,CI:2.39-18.05) and perceiving as at risk of CC (AOR=10.9, CI:4.83 24.6) were factors significantly associated with having good overall knowledge. Conclusion: Overall knowledge of women living with HIV about CC was low and insignificant numbers of women were screened. Therefore establishing screening centers and providing health education on the importance of CC screening and risk perceptions for women living with HIV during their follow-up and through mass media are recommended.
Background: Reliable provision of safe water at healthcare facility level is essential to achieve quality care and minimize the risk of healthcare associated infections. To this end, various standards stipulate that availability of water should be guaranteed in healthcare facilities. However, the adherence to and consequences of non-adherence to these standards in the healthcare sector are rarely evaluated. Objectives: We set out to assess the association between water rationing and early neonatal infections in the Bolgatanga Regional Hospital, which is faced with water rationing three days per week. Setting: Data from the maternity and neonatal care unit of the Bolgatanga Regional hospital were used. Design and participants: A retrospective cohort study using routine hospital data was conducted. Associations were assessed between the source of water (piped or stored/trucked during rationing) in the hospital in the first 48 hours after delivery and the development of early neonatal infection; risk ratios (RR) and their associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Results: It was found that the risk of early neonatal infection during periods of stored/trucked water (6.9/1000 live births) was twice that during tap water (3.4/1000 livebirths); (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.2, p=0.002). Furthermore, only 30% of the new-borns had uninterrupted access to tap water in the first two days after birth. Conclusion: During water rationing, the significantly higher risks of early neonatal infections should be considered prospectively and alternatives secured to protect such vulnerable groups. More research is recommended to build a specific association between the alternative sources of water during rationing and the risk of neonatal infections in order to identify the best option during such difficult times.
Background: Maternity waiting home (MWH) is a temporary residence where pregnant women who rarely access basic obstetric cares stay. Objective: The study was aimed to assess women’s MWH satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three randomly selected districts of Jimma zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. A sample of 362 women who ever used MWH was recruited in the study. The sample size was proportionally allocated to each district. A simple random sampling was used. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire-developed mainly based on MWH guideline. MWH standard of construction and utensils, services, social support and interpersonal communication (IPC) etc. were the major components of the tools. Data were analyzed using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 statistical software. Reliability analysis was conducted for specific and overall satisfaction domains. Multiple linear regressions (β) were performed to identify predictors of satisfaction with MWH, p<0.05. Result: A total of 362 mothers were participated in the study (response rate=98%). The overall mothers ’ satisfaction with MWH was 68.8%. Higher mothers’ satisfaction was from social support aspects: one to five women network (89.5%), cleaner/servant in MWH (88.9%) and husband (87.3%). And, lower satisfaction was from ambulance (24%), recreational (38.5%) and food (49.4%) services and utensils in MWH (56.2%). Nearly 2/5th users claim they do not come again and recommend MWH for others. Women’s overall satisfaction with MWH was predicted by: length of stay in MWH (≤ 14 days), utensils in MWH, services (prenatal, food, sanitation, recreational), social supports (family, women’s 1-5 networks, and servants) and IPC with Health Care Workers (HCWs). Conclusion: Women ’ s overall satisfaction with MWH was moderate (68.8%). However, most services (ambulance, recreational, food, sanitation) and MWH standard (construction and utensils) were lower extreme of satisfaction dimensions. Most services and length of stay in MWH predicted overall satisfaction; indicating MWH recommended services were also valuable for users. These low satisfaction and predictor variables will be barriers to women who never used and stopping return use. The health system should avail services recommended by the guideline while strengthening social support, and shorter stay in MWH so that users advocate the innovation.
Introduction: This scoping review was aimed to map the available evidence on family planning intervention in Sub Saharan Africa. Even though there were systematic reviews conducted in this setting on family planning interventions, the need for this scoping review stems from the need to provide an updates on family planning intervention across Sub Saharan Africa. It is essential to establish an adequate evidence base to support the design of policies aimed at improving family planning interventions. Furthermore, condensing evidence across different settings allows a meaningful comparison of experiences and facilitates knowledge transfer across countries. Therefore, this scoping review tried to summarize what works in family planning interventions in Sub Saharan Africa. Methods: The overall focus was to review the overall body of evidence on a given topic, with focus on width rather than depth. We conducted our scoping review according to the ‘York Methodology’ described by Arksey & O’Malley. This allowed us to appraise and condense evidence across study types into one single interpretation. Result: Five studies were reviewed in this study. All of the studies were specific to countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Among the five quantitative studies, the majority used cross-sectional study design while the remaining used quasiexperimental study design. From studies reviewed, demand creation through (mass media, community mobilizations), messages from religious leaders, advocacy, social franchising, establishment of family planning task force, mobile outreach, and static service delivery were mentioned as means of family planning interventions. Conclusion: Mass media coverage, demand generation, and advocacy and community mobilization were commonly used in family planning interventions across different Sub-Saharan African Countries. Accordingly, family planning interventions which used different these strategies were characterized by better use of modern contraception in these setups.
Background: Prospective cohort observational study to compare the efficacy low doses (25 micrograms misoprostol) tablet with dinoprostone gel (1 mg) introduced vaginally in term pregnancy for induction of labor as regard maternal and fetal outcome. Methods: Three hundred pregnant women in full term (40-41 weeks) pregnancy were assigned for induction of labor either intravaginal misoprostol tablet or dinoprostone gel. They were divided into 2 groups (A, B). Group A (150 ladies) obtained tablet misoprostol 25 micrograms vaginally 4 hourly and Group B (150 ladies) received dinoprostone gel 1 mg vaginally every 6 hourly, both medications were not to be repeated more than 3 doses. Outcomes were: expression of time interval of induction of labor, augmentation requirement, operative and instrumental rate, expenditure efficiency and neonatal outcome. Results: The demographic criteria as regard the age, body mass index, gestational age, initial Bishop’s score and final Bishop’s score were analogous in both group (the misoprostol and dinoprostone groups), respectively with no significant differences but about parity there was significant difference between them with p value 0.4. No significant differences between both group as regard occurrence of non-reassuring FHR, uterine hyper stimulation and meconium stained amniotic fluid but there was significant differences in spontaneous rupture of the membranes and uterine tachysystole with p value 0.02 and 0.01, respectively. Time of labor induction was shorter in the misoprostol group with p<0.001. The need of more doses was fewer in G1 than G2 with p value 0.03. Also the need to oxytocin for augmentation was lesser in G1 than G2 with p value 0.02. In misoprostol group more deliveries within 24 hour, p<0.04. The vaginal deliveries were more in misoprostol group with lesser percentage of CS but with no significant difference. The fetal outcome in both group was similar according to birth weight, Apgar score and at 5, the requirement for neonatal resuscitation and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Conclusions: The time interval for induction of labor by misoprostol tablet vaginally was shorter than dinoprostone gel, associated with fewer requirements to augmentation of labor with oxytocin and more deliveries in the first 24 hours of induction.
Introduction: Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) supports the pelvic floor organs, control continence and is crucial for adequate genital arousal and attainment of an orgasm. Due to the aging process, post-delivery condition or menopause, the PFM weaken. Therefore, they do not provide sufficient support to pelvic organs, bladder control, and they may negatively affect intimate satisfaction. Aim: We aimed to investigate the High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) technology for strengthening of PFM in women with impeded sexual functioning. Methods: 30 women (average age 36.41 ± 5.62) with limited arousal, ability to achieve orgasm and painful intercourse participated in the study. Patients underwent 6 treatments (28 minutes each) scheduled twice a week. Standardized Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was used pre-, post-treatment, and at the 3- month follow-up visit. FSFI scores were statistically evaluated through student´s t-test (ɑ=0.05). Subsequently, Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for sections arousal/lubrication, lubrication/orgasm, orgasm/ satisfaction, and pain/desire. Results: The average total FSFI score significantly (p<0.001) increased from 20.06 ± 6.55 to 30.69 ± 7.55 posttreatment and to 30.29 ± 7.37 during the 3-month follow-up. A significant improvement was observed in all FSFI sections. The most significant change at the 3-month follow-up was observed in desire (76%), satisfaction (76%) and orgasm (60%) items. The overall FSFI score was improved in 93% (n=28) of patients post-treatment. All patients (n=30; 100%) showed improvement during the 3-month follow-up. Conclusion: Our initial experience shows that HIFEM technology is a promising method in addressing women’s decreased sexual satisfaction through the strengthening of PFM.
Background: Obstructed labor is still major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, and adverse birth out comes in low income countries. The issue of obstructed labor is unsolved problem in Ethiopia so far.Objective: This study aimed to assess magnitude and factors associated with obstruct labor among women delivered at Halaba Kulito Primary Hospital, Halaba Special District, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was employed from March 1-21, 2015 at Halaba Kulito Primary Hospital. Systematic sampling technique was used to select 344 deliveries from delivery registration book. A pretested checklist was used to retrieve data from delivery card of the women. Data were entered Epi data version-3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version-21 software. To identify independent factors, bivariate and multiple binary logistic regressions were undertaken. A p-value<0.05 was used to determine association between variables was consideredstatistically significant.Results: The magnitude of obstructed labor was 18.6%.The following factors were significantly associated with obstructed labor:o-antenatal care follow up (AOR=3.1, 95% CI:1.5, 6.4), women age less than 20 years (AOR=6.9, 95% CI (2.2, 21.6) and malpresentation (AOR=10, 95% CI: 3.7, 27.5).Conclusion: Obstructed labor was very common in the study area. Antenatal care visit, maternal age and malpresentation were associated factors of obstructed labor. To reverse obstructed labor related problems, overall improvement in antenatal and intrapartum care.
Introduction: Malnutrition is one of the major nutritional problems in which the physical function of an individual is impaired to the point which cannot longer maintain adequate body performance process such as growth, physical work and resisting and recovery from the disease. Malnutrition usually stems from low economic situation, poor personal and environmental hygiene and ignorance are contributed to magnitude of high incidence of acute problem of malnutrition. Recent studies found that the center of the problem is the backward socio-economic development of the country which in turn results in one of the lowest standard of living, low level of social service, poor environmental conditions. In this respect it no disheartening to the not that the state of the health service in Ethiopia is low even when compared to the Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Objective: To assess magnitude of malnutrition and associated factors among pregnancy and lactating mother in Mi’esso health center, Mi’esso Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was employed. The study was conducted from February 1 to May 30, 2017 among pregnancy and lactating in Mi’esso Woreda. A total of 304 sample was selected by systematic random sampling from the list of Clients, with different socio-demographic and the collected data was analyses by using computer with the total budget of 4846.9 Ethiopian birr. Results: The nutritional status of pregnancy and lactating mother based on their weight and height the BMI of the respondents indicates overweight accounts 12.6%, underweight 30.3%, and majority of the pregnancy and lactating mother accounts for 57.2% were normal nutritional level. The weight and height/length of the pregnancy and lactating mother included in the study were between 1.56 m to 1.78 m and weight 53 kg to 84 kg. From multiple logistic regression analysis family income (AOR=2.056, 95%CI=1.051-4.023) and age of women (AOR=2.169 (1.015-4.634)) were significantly associated with the nutritional status of the study participants. Recommendation: Facilitate rural-urban community’s access to information on nutrition like feeding practice sanitation, health and development program during pregnancy and lactation and efforts to expand awareness of women education using selected dietary during pregnancy and lactation.
Objective: HIV status disclosure is typically encouraged because of its purported benefits. Unintended consequences of status disclosure to People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) and their partners, however, rarely receive research attention. Understanding unintended consequences is essential to addressing the public health challenge of reducing HIV/AIDS incidence and re-infection. This study explores how status disclosure may impederather than facilitate-behavioral adherence. Methods: A semi-structured interviews with 20 HIV positive women (mean age=27.9 (SD=8.2); 70% romantically involved), we explored why or why not these women adhere to sexual behavioral recommendations to protect against reinfection and transmission to partners. Interviews were transcribed, independently coded, and thematically analyzed. Participants understood condom use and ART adherence benefits. This did not always translate into adherence. Stigma concerns and partner willingness to risk transmission and reinfection influenced oscillations in behavioral adherence. Results: We found evidence for the “HIV Status Disclosure Paradox,” which includes four types. HIV status nondisclosure was related to greater behavioral adherence by (1) promoting abstinence and/ or singlehood, or (2) motivating infected women to insist on consistent condom use. Disclosure was related to (3) male partners’ willingness to risk transmission or reinfection by insisting on unprotected sex and women’s relinquishment of responsibility after disclosure, or (4) selecting partners accepting of HIV status or weeding out unaccepting partners. Conclusion: These paradoxes coupled with suboptimal medical adherence suggest increased risk potential among PLHA and their partners. Disclosure counseling with patients and partners should incorporate information and messages to minimize unintended consequences that increase transmission or reinfection risk.
Background: Despite the benefits of physical activity, only 12.1% of women in rural Georgia aged 20-44 years, fully adhere to the recommended amount of physical activity. According to previous research studies, health care provider support is an important factor in promoting physical activity among patients. Methods: The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the presence and importance of the health care provider support for physical activity in women aged 20-44 years. A semi-structured question guide directed by a Critical Theory of Medical Discourse was utilized for twenty in-depth interviews. To answer qualitative questions of the study, an intensity sampling was used to identify excellent examples of the phenomenon of interest. The participants were interviewed until theoretical saturation was reached. Results: The majority of the participants felt more comfortable having a woman as their primary health care provider, Most participants utilized the Obstetrician-Gynecologist (OBGYN) for the primary care, physical activity information was provided mostly to patients who were overweight, provided physical activity information wasn’t sufficient nor tailored to each patient. Conclusion: Primary care setting could be a powerful outlet for the promotion of physical activity. However, health care providers might need to expend the range of expertise and collaborate with other community members to increase the physical activity level among women aged 20-44 years.
Introduction: The cosmetic use of skin bleaching products is a common practice in colored-skinned women. The use of skin lightening creams is common and widespread in the African, Asian, and North American populations. Use of skin bleaching agents has been reported in Saudi Arabia. The long-term use of these products for several months to years may cause cutaneous or systemic side-effects. Aims: This study aimed was to assess the prevalence of self-use of skin bleaching agents among Saudi women as well as the level of awareness, attitudes and practice towards use of these agents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by selection of systematic random sampling of female attending family medicine clinic at Prince Mansour Military Hospital. The data collected by structured questionnaire included information about background variables, attitudes, awareness and practice regarding use of skin bleaching agents. The data were analyzed using statistical software to yield descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 358 women aged between 18-55 years old were included in this study. About 25% of the women were current users of skin bleaching agents, while 39.6% were only previous users. Thus, more than half of these women were either current or previous users, while 12% of them used creams previously and still use it currently. About a third of women used bleaching creams as treatment for hypo or hyperpigmented skin and 29.4% used them for cosmetic purposes. Regarding the source of these agents, 38% of women obtaining them by medical prescription and 27.8% were from pharmacy without prescription, while the remaining women obtaining them from the market. Reason of using skin bleaching creams was varying among females, 51.6% of females used creams for increase beauty, 51% for making a new look, 6% for rising self-confidence, and 4.3% to increase stability of marriage. About 56% of women reported that cortisone is the most dangerous component in the skin bleaching agents. About 33% of women agreed to use a quick whitening agent from an unknown source. Significant associations were detected between use of skin bleaching agents and each of education, income, and occupation, while the associations with marital status and age were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The lifetime use of skin bleaching agents was relatively high divided evenly on cosmetic and curative purposes. The level of awareness about these agents is low since a considerable proportion of them agreed to use agents from unknown sources. In addition to high use of skin bleaching agents obtained without medical or pharmacist consultation.
