The present paper reviews the problem of investigating incidents in systems with dependent states. Actions of an agent in such systems may lead to changes in the system, which could be made by an agent not directly, but indirectly through other agents. A method for modelling such systems is presented in this paper. The method allows defining a “manipulated system”, in which other agents can be used to obtain the changes. A method for analysis of such systems by deriving them to the non-manipulated type is also presented
To date, the evolution of Web-related technologies has been mainly driven by the user’s quest for ever faster and more intuitive World Wide Web (WWW). One of the most recent stages of this evolution is built around the idea that the user experience can be further improved by enabling the browser to predict and preload Web resources the user is
Despite their attractive properties of invariance, robustness and reliability, statistical motion descriptions from temporal templates have not apparently received the amount of attention they might deserve in the human action recognition literature. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach for action recognition, where a novel fuzzy representation based on temporal motion templates is developed to model human actions as time series of low-dimensional descriptors. An NB (Na¨ıve Bayes) classifier is trained on these features for action classification. When tested on a realistic action dataset incorporating a large collection of video data, the results demonstrate that the approach is able to achieve a recognition rate of as high as 93.7%, while remaining tractable for real-time operation.
In optical fiber communication systems, the non-perfectly transparent material of the fiber causes the visible-light or infrared beams to be attenuated as they travel through it. This necessitates the use of optical amplifier in order to remedy this signal attenuation. In this regard, the fiber amplifier is a key enabling technology for high speed optical communications. The EDFA of pumping mechanism. The gain and noise characteristics of different number of stages are computed and compared through simulation. Our attention is specially paid towards the optimum values of the system parameters that will give highest gain and lowest noise figure as well as minimum bit error rate in order to achieve the longest propagation length without signal degradation.
Characterization of spatial variability and temporal trends in precipitation in a changing climate is vital to assess climate-induced changes to support adequate agricultural planning and water resources management strategies for the future. In this context, spatial and temporal variability in the precipitation over Jharkhand state in Eastern plateau and hill region is investigated. Spatial distribution of precipitation was mapped using ‘ordinary kriging’ geostatistical interpolation technique. A comprehensive precipitation trend and periodic analysis at the monthly and seasonal scale on a 40 year data series (1975-2014) for 18 locations in Jharkhand are presented using MannKendall and Sen’s slope methods. The seasonal and annual precipitation showed large spatial variability across the Jharkhand. Although, the spatial distribution of monsoon and annual precipitation are roughly similar, annual precipitation varied considerably in space due to the variations induced by pre-monsoon and winter precipitation. The statistical analysis revealed predominantly decreasing trends, both at the annual and seasonal scale. July precipitation showed significantly decreasing trend (-3.17 to -6.21 mm/year) in large number of districts (15), while the Original Research Article Mali et al.; BJAST, 20(6): 1-17, 2017; Article no.BJAST.33502 2 trend in May and other ‘monsoon’ months was not significant. Over the reference period, the negative trends in monsoon, winter and annual precipitation were significant for 61, 67 and 50% of the total districts analyzed with rate of decrease for monsoon and annual precipitation in the range of -5.3 to -13.0 and -5.3 to -15.9 mm/year, respectively. In view of the rainfall dependence of the agriculture in the state and decreasing trends of precipitation, the information presented in this paper can supports further climate change risk assessment and vulnerability adaptation planning.
Author performed the statistical analyses. Authors CO, FVAD and EOL managed analysis of the study and the literature searches. the final ABSTRACT The experiment was carried out to identify bacteria pathogens that causes fish spoilage and consequently reduces their shelf-life in the environment and invariably found out basis for controlling and preventing their activity. Thirty fish samples comprising of fifteen Titus ( Scomber scombrus ) and fifteen Kote ( Trachurus trachurus ) were collected from five major markets in Ogun state, Nigeria. Samples were cultured and processed using the pour plate and streak plate technique. Samples from the skin scrapings were cultured in five media consisting of four selective media and a basal media; Maconkey agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, Mannitol Salt agar, Salmonella Shigella agar and Nutrient agar. Differentiation and isolation of various isolates were based on gram-staining technique and biochemical reactions using OXOID MICROBACT TM identification kits. On examination, in vitro assay showed the presence of six bacteria species in the surface biofilms namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris and Proteus stuartii . Prevalence of the various isolates in the culture were found to be 25.2%, 20.6%,18.7%, 14.9%, 11.2% and 9.3% respectively. The highest colony count (140) was obtained from samples obtained from Ijebu-Ode while the lowest colony count was obtained from Sagamu. The mean bacteria load of the isolates was 7x10 6 CFU ml -1 . The high microbial load in biofilms of the samples obtained from the market especially those of enteric bacteria showed the need for enforcement of high hygiene standards for food handlers and food storage companies.
Musa paradisiaca (plantain) fruit peels and the plant leaves may have some nutrients and antifungal properties. Thus, millimeter, mm) against Candida albicans, however, the activity of the ethanol extract of the leaves (15.67±0.58) was higher (p<0.05) than that of the ethanol extract of the peels and the aqueous extract of the peels and leaves. The difference in activity against C. albicans between the samples extracts in terms of either the same or the different extracting solvent was significant (p<0.05) but the overall difference between the samples compared to the extracting solvents (±0.67) was the same hence non-significant (p>0.05). A similar trend was recorded for the activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the peels and leaves against P. notatum . Thus, the plantain peels and leaves could be alternative source for vitamin C. The extracts (aqueous and ethanol) had activity against C. albicans and P. notatum hence may be useful in managing such pathogen-induced ailments. Overall negligible difference in activity against either C. albicans or P. notatum in terms of samples and the extracting solvents was suggested and this may be an underlying useful trend for comparing the overall antimicrobial activity of different samples and solvents, hence warrants a follow up.
The aim of this study is to identify the adaptation strategies developed by local peasant farmers to reduce negative impacts of climate change in Jibia, Northwest Katsina, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained from field survey through questionnaire administration using stratified random sampling technique where 102 respondents from 3 localities of the local government area. Data collected was then collated, summarized, analyzed and presented using simple descriptive statistics methods. Findings revealed that farmers observed elements of climate change in the area. Increased temperature, incessant rainfall and dry spells during rainy season were some indicators to climate change as perceived by the respondents. Various adaptation measures were
Aims: The focus of this study was to know usefulness of river training structures, controlling hydromorphological characteristics, socio-economic benefits of inhabitants and current situation of these structures in Patuakhali District. Study Design: Evaluations were measured on hydro-morphological features of rivers, protection safety based on utility of structures, environmental and social benefits by spot visit, face to face interview and focus group discussion methods. Original Research Article Mamun Hossain et al.; BJAST, 19(3): 1-12, 2017; Article no.BJAST.32073 2 Place and Duration of Study: Ten different river side location of Patuakhali District during JulySep in 2015. Methodology: Established five groups including eight persons/group in each location to carry out the questioner and evaluations were accomplished based on specific key point issue. Results: Three categories of river training structure were found at different location of the study area. Revetment with cement concrete (CC) block including 1.75 km bank protection measure from erosion due to high velocity tidal current at Lebukhali point (0.715 km), Patuakhali town protection point 2 (0.62 km) and Khepupara Bandar & town protection (0.42 km). Among them Lebukhali point was found more offensive comparing with others point. The level of risk of all structures was averages under low to medium except Lebukhali point. Conclusion: The training structures were found moderately stable due to maintenance and effectively acting as qualitative benefit for inhabitants in socio-economic aspect.
This study of the geological and physico-mechanical characteristics of the Bidzar quarry white marble exploited for cement manufacture has given rise to an exploitation model. This model has enabled the reduction in the size of the blast products through site reconnaissance and laboratory testing. The outcrops of white marble, dolomitic marble, quartzite and shales which were revealed Original Research Article Wouatong et al.; BJAST, 19(5): 1-11, 2017; Article no.BJAST.30421 2 on the ground surface and were foliated and fractured. The foliation plans however, showed two main directions of orientation on white marble: [NNE SSW and NNW SSE]. Likewise, the two main directions of fractures [NNW SSE (N160°E) in N S and NNE SSW (N10°E)] and two secondary directions [W E and NNW SSE (N140°E)] were present on white marble which is richer in CaO (52.65 to 55.45%) than the dolomitic one (30.15 to 31.78%). It came out that the quartzite was richer in SiO2 (95.43 to 98.86%) than shale (45.67 to 79.12%). The physical and mechanical characteristics of the white marble were: absolute density (2.77g/cm) and bulk density (2.75 g/cm). The mechanical fragmentation strength on the 6/10 mm and 10/14 mm fractions was 32% and 31%. The wear resistance on the same fractions was 33% and 25% respectively.
In Turkey, road traffic has been increasing rapidly in province centers with the increase of the number of vehicles. The number of motor vehicles has shown an increase of 70 % within the last decade in Turkey. Inner-city traffic control is regulated by traffic lights and traffic all the vehicles, and the detection of the wanted vehicles (stolen, seized, restrained) is possible through the system. The numbers of speed violations before and after the installation of the system was examined. It was seen that speed violations decreased from around 90% to around 1% considering the number of the passing vehicles. The decrease in speed violations was found to be parallel to the decrease in accidents. As the result of the assessment of the traffic regulation information in addition to traffic control enabled the solution of a large number of security-related cases.
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors Ravi Kumar and Randhir Kumar designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors AK and SKS managed the analyses of the study. Author PK managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT A study was undertaken to estimate general and specific combining in brinjal through diallel analysis involving 6 parents. The combining ability analysis revealed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the parameters studied except days to 50% flowering and number of primary branches per plant. The genotype SBRB-6/12 was found best general combiner for number of fruit per plant and yield per plant. The top three crosses (SBRB-3/12 x SBRB-2/12, SBRB-6/12 x SBRB-3/12 and KS-224 x Swarna Mani) with high per se performance have exhibited high sca effects for yield. Both additive and non-additive gene actions were operating for all the characters except days to 50% flowering, fruit diameter and number of primary branches/plant. Therefore, the general combiner can be exploited for the creation of varieties lines, and the presence of specific combining in the hybrids.
